Apparatus and method and techniques for measuring and correlating characteristics of fruit with visible/near infra-red spectrum

ABSTRACT

This disclosure is of 1) the utilization of the spectrum from 250 nm to 1150 nm for measurement or prediction of one or more parameters, e.g., brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color and external and internal defects and disorders including, for example, surface and subsurface bruises, scarring, sun scald, punctures, in N—H, C—H and O—H samples including fruit; 2) an apparatus and method of detecting emitted light from samples exposed to the above spectrum in at least one spectrum range and, in the preferred embodiment, in at least two spectrum ranges of 250 to 499 nm and 500 nm to 1150 nm; 3) the use of the chlorophyl band, peaking at 680 nm, in combination with the spectrum from 700 nm and above to predict one or more of the above parameters; 4) the use of the visible pigment region, including xanthophyll, from approximately 250 nm to 499 nm and anthocyanin from approximately 500 to 550 nm, in combination with the chlorophyl band and the spectrum from 700 nm and above to predict the all of the above parameters.

CONTINUATION IN PART APPLICATION

[0001] This is a Continuation In Part Application copending from thenonprovisional parent application Ser. No. 09/524,329 entitled ANAPPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING AND CORRELATING CHARACTERISTICS OFFRUIT WITH VISIBLE/NEAR INFRA-RED SPECTRUM to Ozanich as filed Mar. 13,2000. The applicant requests prosecution pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.53(b)and 1.78 and 35 U.S.C. 120. New matter herein is added, for examinationconvenience, commencing with page 56 which follows the last line of theDetailed Description of the original application and precedes theclaims. Drawings are added commencing with FIG. 9 and including FIGS. 9,10, 10A, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14A, 15 and 15A. Claim 9 pending in the parenthas been preliminarily amended prior to the first office action. Claim9A has been added as an amendment preliminary to the first officeaction. Claims have been added, in this Continuation-In-Part Applicationcommencing with claim 22.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to the use of thecombined visible and near infra red spectrum in an apparatus and methodfor measuring physical parameters, e.g., firmness, density and internaland external disorders, and chemical parameters, e.g., moleculescontaining O—H, N—H and C—H chemical bonds, in fruit and correlating theresulting measurements with fruit quality and maturity characteristics,including Brix, acidity, density, pH, firmness, color and internal andexternal defects to forecast consumer preferences including tastepreferences and appearance, as well as harvest, storage and shippingvariables. With the present apparatus and method, the interior of asample, e.g., fruit including apples, is illuminated and the spectrum ofabsorbed and scattered light from the sample is detected and measured.Prediction, calibration and classification algorithms are determined forthe category of sample permitting correlation between the spectrum ofabsorbed and scattered light and sample characteristics, e.g., fruitquality and maturity characteristics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The embodiments disclosed herein has a focus on combined visibleand near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and its modes of use, major issuesin the application of NIR to the measurement of O—H, N—H and C—Hcontaining molecules that are indicators of sample quality includingfruit quality and in particular tree fruit quality.

[0004] Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Background:

[0005] Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used since the 1970's for thecompositional analysis of low moisture food products. However, only inthe last 10-15 years has NIR been successfully applied to the analysisof high moisture products such as fruit. NIR is a form of vibrationalspectroscopy that is particularly sensitive to the presence of moleculescontaining C—H (carbon-hydrogen), O—H (oxygen-hydrogen), and N—H(nitrogen-hydrogen) groups. Therefore, constituents such as sugars andstarch (C—H), moisture, alcohols and acids (O—H), and protein (N—H) canbe quantified in liquids, solids and slurries. In addition, the analysisof gases (e.g., water vapor, ammonia) is possible. NIR is not a traceanalysis technique and it is generally used for measuring componentsthat are present at concentrations greater than 0.1%.

[0006] Short-Wavelength NIR vs. Long-Wavelength NIR:

[0007] NIR has traditionally been carried out in the 1100-2500 nm regionof the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the wavelength region of700-1100 nm (short wavelength-NIR or SW-NIR) has been gaining increasedattention. The SW-NIR region offers numerous advantages for on-line andin-situ bulk constituent analysis. This portion of the NIR is accessibleto low-cost, high performance silicon detectors and fiber optics. Inaddition, high intensity laser diodes and low-cost light emitting diodesare becoming increasingly available at a variety of NIR wavelengthoutputs.

[0008] The relatively low extinction (light absorption) coefficients inthe SW-NIR region yields linear absorbance with analyte concentrationand permits long, convenient pathlengths to be used. The depth ofpenetration of SW-NIR is also much greater than that of the longerwavelength NIR, permitting a more adequate sampling of the “bulk”material. This is of particular importance when the sample to beanalyzed is heterogeneous such as fruit.

[0009] Diffuse Reflectance Sampling vs. Transmission Sampling:

[0010] Traditional NIR analysis has used diffuse reflectance sampling.This mode of sampling is convenient for samples that are highly lightscattering or samples for which there is no physical ability to employtransmission spectroscopy. Diffusely reflected light is light that hasentered a sample, undergone multiple scattering events, and emerged fromthe surface in random directions. A portion of light that enters thesample is also absorbed. The depth of penetration of the light is highlydependent on the sample characteristics and is often affected by thesize of particles in the sample and the sample density. Furthermore,diffuse reflectance is biased to the surface of a sample and may notprovide representative data for large heterogeneous samples such asapples.

[0011] While transmission sampling is typically used for the analysis ofclear solutions, it also can be used for interrogating solid samples. Atransmission measurement is usually performed with the detector directlyopposite the light source (i.e., at 180 degrees) and with the sample inthe center. Alternately the detector can be placed closer to the lightsource (at angles less than 180 degrees), which is often necessary toprovide a more easily detected level of light. Because of the longsample pathlengths and highly light scattering nature of most treefruit, transmission measurements can only be performed in the SW-NIRwavelength region, unless special procedures are employed to improvesignal to noise.

[0012] NIR Calibration:

[0013] NIR analysis is largely an empirical method; the spectral linesare difficult to assign, and the spectroscopy is frequently carried outon highly light scattering samples where adherence to Beer's Law is notexpected. Accordingly, statistical calibration techniques are often usedto determine if there is a relationship between analyte concentration(or sample property) and instrument response. To uncover thisrelationship requires a representative set of “training” or calibrationsamples. These samples must span the complete range of chemical andphysical properties of all future samples to be seen by the instrument.

[0014] Calibration begins by acquiring a spectrum of each of thesamples. Constituent values for all of the analytes of interest are thenobtained using the best reference method available with regards toaccuracy and precision. It is important to note that a quantitativespectral method developed using statistical correlation techniques canperform no better than the reference method.

[0015] After the data has been acquired, computer models employingstatistical calibration techniques are developed that relate the NIRspectra to the measured constituent values or properties. Thesecalibration models can be expanded and must be periodically updated andverified using conventional testing procedures.

[0016] Factors affecting calibration include fruit type and variety,seasonal and geographical differences, and whether the fruit is fresh orhas been in cold or other storage. Calibration variables include theparticular properties or analytes to be measured and the concentrationor level of the properties. Intercorrelations (co-linearity) should beminimized in calibration samples so as not to lead to falseinterpretation of a models predictive ability. Co-linearity occurs whenthe concentrations of two components are correlated, e.g., an inversecorrelation exists when one component is high, the other is always lowor vice versa.

[0017] Application of NIR to Tree Fruit and Existing On-Line NIRInstrumentation:

[0018] A growing body of research exists for NIR analysis of tree fruit.NIR has been used for the measurement of fruit juice, flesh, and wholefruit. In juice, the individual sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose) andtotal acidity can be quantified with high correlation (>0.95) andacceptable error. Individual sugars can not be readily measured in wholefruit. Brix is the most successfully measured NIR parameter in wholefruit and can generally be achieved with an error of ±0.5-1.0 Brix. Moretentative recent research results indicate firmness and aciditymeasurement in whole fruit also may be possible.

[0019] Only in Japan has the large-scale deployment of on-line NIR forfruit sorting occurred. These instruments require manualplacement/orientation of the fruit prior to measurement and earlyversions were limited to a measurement rate of three samples per second.The Japanese NIR instruments are also limited to a single lane of fruitand appear to be difficult to adapt to multi-lane sorting equipment usedin the United States of America. While earlier Japanese NIR instrumentsemployed reflectance sampling, more recent instruments use transmissionsampling.

[0020] In Koashi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,953, there is described amethod and apparatus for measuring sugar concentrations in liquids.Measurements are made at two different depths using weak and stronginfrared radiation. The level of sugar at depths between these twodepths can then be measured. The method and apparatus utilizeswavelength bands of 950-1,150 nm, 1,150-1,300 nm, and 1,300-1,450 nm.

[0021] U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,701, to Dull et al., uses near infrared (NIR)radiation in the wavelength range of 800-1,050 nm to demonstratemeasurement of soluble solids in Honeydew melons. An eight-centimeter orgreater distance between the light delivery location to the fruit andthe light collection location was found to be necessary to accuratelypredict soluble solids because of the thick rind.

[0022] Iwamoto et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,945, also use NIR radiationto predict sugar content of mandarin oranges. Iwamoto utilizes atransmission measurement arrangement whereby the light traverses throughthe entire sample of fruit and is detected at 180 degrees relative tothe light input angle. Moderately thick-skinned fruit (mandarin oranges)were used to demonstrate the method, which relies on a fruit diametercorrection by normalizing (dividing) the spectra at 844 nm, where,according to the disclosed data, correlation with the sugar content islowest. NIR wavelengths in the range of 914-919 nm were found to havethe highest correlation with sugar content. Second, third and fourthwavelengths that were added to the multiple regression analysis equationused to correlate the NIR spectra with sugar content were 769-770 nm,745 nm, and 785-786 nm.

[0023] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,271, Ito et al. demonstrates a sugarcontent measuring apparatus that utilizes three different NIRwavelengths in the range from 860-960 nm. The angle between lightdelivery and collection was varied between 0 and 180 degrees and it wasconcluded that the low NIR radiation levels that must be detected when aphotodetector is placed at 180 degrees relative to the radiation sourceare not desirable because of the more complicated procedures andequipment that are required. A correlation of NIR absorbance with sugarcontent of muskmelons and watermelons was found when an intermediateangle, which gave greater NIR radiation intensity, was detected. No sizecorrection was necessary with this approach.

[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,953 to Koashi et al. uses comparatively longwavelengths of NIR radiation (i.e., >950 nm), while in U.S. Pat. No.5,089,701 to Dull, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,271 to Ito, wavelengths ofNIR radiation used are greater than 800 nm and 860 nm, respectively. InU.S. Pat. No. 5,324,945 to Iwamoto, the wavelengths of NIR radiationwith the highest correlation to sugar content of mandarins were 914 nmor 919 nm, when the fruit were measured on the equatorial or stemportion, respectively. All of these methods use near-infraredwavelengths of light to correlate with sugar content of whole fruit. Noother quality parameters are measured by these techniques.

[0025] The four disclosed patents are similar to the apparatus andmethod described here in that the present disclosure also measures sugarcontent. Two of the patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,089,701 and 5,324,945) NIRwavelengths less than 850 nm) U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,701 discloses theoperation of the invention within the range of “from about 800nanometers to about 1050 nanometers.” U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,945 lists 914nm or 919 nm as the primary analytical wavelength correlated with wholefruit sugar content; multiple linear regression was used to addsuccessive wavelengths to the model as follows: 769-770 nm (2ndwavelength added), 745 nm (3rd wavelength added), and 785-786 nm (4thwavelength added). In U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,701, addition of the fourthwavelength to the model only reduced the standard error of prediction(SEP) by 0.1-0.2 Brix, which is approaching or less than the errorlimits of the refractometer used to determine the reference (“true”)Brix values.

[0026] Other similarities between the method and apparatus describedherein with the four patents listed above include the use ofmultivariate statistical analysis to establish correlation of thenear-infrared spectral data with sugar content of whole fruit. Most alsouse data processing techniques such as second derivative transformationand some type of spectral normalization. All of these methods forrelating NIR spectra to chemical or physical properties are well knownto those practiced in the art of NIR spectroscopy.

[0027] The foregoing patents and printed publications are providedherewith in an Information Disclosure Statement in accordance with 37CFR 1.97.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0028] Research groups around the world continue to explore theapplications of near infrared spectroscopy to tree fruit. The apparatusand process disclosed herein is of the nondestructive determination orprediction of O—H, N—H and C—H containing molecules that are indicatorsof sample qualities, including fruit such as apples, cherries, oranges,grapes, potatoes, cereals, and other such samples, using near-infraredspectroscopy. Prior art has utilized spectrum from 745 nm and above.This disclosure is of 1) the utilization of the spectrum from 250 nm to1150 nm for measurement or prediction of one or more parameters, e.g.,Brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color and external and internaldefects and disorders including, for example, surface and subsurfacebruises, scarring, sun scald, punctures, watercore, internal browning,in samples including fruit; 2) an apparatus and method of illuminatingthe interior of a sample and detecting emitted light from samplesexposed to the above spectrum in at least one spectrum range and, in thepreferred embodiment, in at least two spectrum ranges of 250 to 499 nmand 500 nm to 1150 nm; 3) the use of the chlorophyl absorption band,peaking at 680 nm, in combination with the spectrum from 700 nm andabove to predict one or more of the above parameters; 4) the use of thevisible pigment region, including xanthophyll, from approximately 250 nmto 499 nm and anthocyanin from approximately 500 to 550 nm, incombination with the chlorophyl band and the spectrum from 700 nm andabove to predict the all of the above parameters.

[0029] Prior art has only examined spectrum from fruit for theprediction of Brix. This disclosure is of the examination of a greaterspectrum using the combined visible and near infrared wavelength regionsfor the prediction of the above stated characteristics. The apparatusand method disclosed eliminates the problem of saturation of lightspectrum detectors within particular spectrum regions while gaining datawithin other regions in the examination, in particular, of fruit. Thatis, spectrometers with CCD (charge coupled device) array or PDA(photodiode array) detectors will detect light within the 250 to 1150 nmregion, but when detecting spectrum out of fruit will saturate inregions, e.g., 700 to 925 nm, or the signal to noise (S/N) ratio will beunsatisfactory and not useful for quantitation in other regions, e.g.,250 to 699 nm and greater than 925 nm, thus precluding the gaining ofadditional information regarding the parameters above stated. Thusdisclosed herein is an apparatus and method permitting 1) the automatedmeasurement of multiple spectra with a single pass or single measurementactivity by detecting more than one spectrum range during a single passor single measurement activity, 2) combining the more than one spectrumrange detected, 3) comparing the combined spectrum with a storedcalibration algorithm to 4) predicting the parameters above stated.

[0030] In each instance in the method and apparatus disclosed hereinthere will be a dual or plural spectrum acquisition from a sample fromdifferent spectrum regions. This is accomplished by 1) seriallyacquiring data from different spectrum regions using different lightsource intensities or different detector/spectrometer exposure timesusing a single spectrometer; 2) acquiring data in parallel with multiplespectrometers using different light intensities, e.g., by varying thevoltage input to a lamp, or different exposure times to thespectrometers; however, different exposure times leads to samplingerrors particularly where a sample is moving, e.g., in a processingline, due to viewing different regions on a sample; and 3) with multiplespectrometers using the same exposure time, constant lamp intensity withdual or a plurality of light detectors including neutral densityfiltered light detectors (where filtered light detectors giving the sameeffect as using a shorter exposure time). This approach provides dual orplural spectra with good signal to noise ratio for all wavelengthsintensities using a single light source intensity and the same exposuretime on all spectrometer detectors. This approach uses at least onefiltered light detector using filtered input 82 to the spectrometer 170rather than different exposure times. A filter can be any material thatabsorbs light with equal strength over the range of wavelengths used bythe spectrometer including but not limited to neutral density filters,Spectralon, Teflon, opal coated glass, screen. The dual intensityapproach using two different lamp voltages proves problematic becausethe high and low intensity spectra are not easily combined together dueto slope differences in the spectra. The dual exposure approach yieldsexcellent combined spectra, which are necessary for firmness and othercharacteristic prediction and also improves Brix prediction accuracy.

[0031] Measurements are disclosed, with the apparatus and process ofthis disclosure, which are made simultaneously in multiple sample types,e.g., where samples are apples, measurement is independent of aparticular apple cultivar, using a single calibration equation witherrors of ±1-2 lb. and ±0.5-1.0 Brix. This disclosure pertains tolaboratory, portable and on-line NIR analyzers for the simultaneousmeasurement of multiple quality parameters of samples including fruit.Depending on the application or particular characteristic sought to bepredicted or measured, a variety of calibration models may be used, fromuniversal to highly specific, e.g., the calibration can be specific to avariety, different geographical location, stored v. fresh fruit andother calibrations.

[0032] Disclosed here is the greater role NIR technology will play as atool for grading sample qualities including fruit quality. The uniqueability of NIR statistical calibration techniques to extractnon-chemical “properties” provides a technique for development of ageneral NIR “quality index” for tree fruit. This general “quality index”combines all of the information that could be extracted from the NIRspectra and includes information about Brix, acidity, firmness, density,pH, color and external and internal disorders and defects.

[0033] The near-infrared wavelength region below 745 nm has not beenexplored by prior investigations. Generally, the prior art design and orapparatus utilized was such that longer wavelength regions providedadequate data. The prior art for measuring sugar content in liquids andwhole fruits using near-infrared spectroscopy utilizes longerwavelengths of radiation. No prior art exists for measuring otherimportant quality parameters such as firmness, acidity, density and pH.No prior art has correlated consumer taste preferences with the combinedNIR determination of multiple quality parameters such as sugar, acidity,pH, firmness, color, and internal and external defects and disorders.

[0034] It will be shown in this patent that the wavelength region from250-1150 nm can be used to nondestructively measure not only sugarcontent (Brix) in various whole fruit, but firmness, density, acidity,pH, color and internal and external defects as well. For example,density of oranges is measured and is correlated to quality, e.g.,freeze damaged fruit and dry fruit typically have lower density thangood quality fruit and lower water content (i.e., greater dry mattercontent). NIR density measurement can be used to remove poor qualityfruit in a sorting/packing line or at the supermarket. Information aboutcolor pigments and chlorophyll, related to maturity and quality, areobtained from 250 to approximately 699 nm. From approximately 700-1150nm, the short wavelength NIR region, C—H, N—H, O—H information isobtained. Combining the visible and NIR region gives more analyticalpower to predict chemical, physical and consumer properties,particularly for fruit. All of these parameters can be determinedsimultaneously from a combined visible/NIR spectrum. Multiple parameterscan be combined to arrive at a “Quality Index” that is a better measureof maturity or quality than a single parameter.

[0035] Absorption of light by whole fruit in the approximately 250-699nm region is dominated by pigments, including chlorophyll (a greenpigment) which absorbs in the approximately 600-699 nm region.Chlorophyll is composed of a number of chlorophyll-protein complexes.Changes in these chlorophyll-protein complexes and changes in otherpigments, most notably anthocyanin (red pigment) and xanthophylls(yellow pigments), are related to the maturation and ripening process.Chlorophyll and pigments are important for determining firmness.

[0036] While the NIR wavelengths of 700-925 nm and longer have beenreadily accessible to common near-infrared spectrometers, shorterwavelengths have not typically been explored for the followingreasons: 1) lead-salt and other detector types, e.g., InGaAs, were notsensitive to shorter wavelengths; 2) light diffraction gratings wereblazed at longer wavelengths yielding poor efficiency at shortwavelengths; 3) light sources did not have enough energy output atshorter wavelengths to overcome the strong light absorption andscattering of biological (plant and animal) material in the visibleregion (250-699 nm).

[0037] Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for measurement, withthe visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopic technique for sugarcontent (also known as Brix or soluble solids, which is inverselyrelated to dry matter content), firmness, acidity, density, pH, colorand internal and external defects and disorders. The apparatus andmethod is successful in measuring one or more such characteristic inapples, grapes, oranges, potatoes and cherries. Demonstrated in thisdisclosure is the ability to combine chemical and physical property datapermitting the prediction of consumer properties, such as taste,appearance and color; harvest variables, such as time for harvest; andstorage variables such as prediction of firmness retention and timeuntil spoilage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become more readily appreciated as the same becomebetter understood by reference to the following detailed description ofthe preferred embodiment and additional embodiments of the disclosurewhen taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0039]FIG. 1 is a top plan of an embodiment of an apparatus formeasuring and correlating characteristics of fruit with combined visibleand near infrared spectrum showing an embodiment of the disclosureillustrating a sample holder having a securing or spring biasing articleurging a holding article, shown here essentially as hemispherical, incontact with a sample having a sample surface, and preventing the samplefrom movement, a sample shown as an apple, a light detector having alight detector securing or spring biasing article placing or holding thelight detector in contact with the sample surface, and light sourcesproximal the sample surface with the light sources positioned between 0and 90 degrees, e.g., typically 45 degrees, in relation to the lightsensor. The light source and light detector are positioned generallyorthogonal to the sample surface. The light sources may be, for example,tungsten/halogen lamps. An optional filter or filters functioning asheat block, bandpass and or cutoff filters may be positioned between thelight source and the sample or between the sample and a spectrometer(s).The light sources may, for example but without limitation, be 5 W lampsources from a spectrometer or one or more external light sourcescontrolled by the CPU with power up to 1000 Watts each, but moretypically 50 Watt, 75 Watt or 150 Watt. The output from the lightsensor, shown here as a fiber-optic sensor, becomes the input to a lightdetector such as a CCD array within a spectrometer. The sample holder,light detector securing article and light sources with light sourcesecuring article are affixed to a plate or other fixture. Other fixturesor articles may be employed to secure or position a sample requiringonly that the device or method used retain the sample in positionrelative to the light source and light detector during the period ofmeasurement.

[0040]FIG. 1A is a side elevation section of FIG. 1.

[0041]FIG. 1B is a side elevation section of FIG. 1 with no sampleadditionally showing a light source securing article.

[0042]FIG. 1C is a flow diagram demonstrating the method of thisinvention. The flow diagram is schematically representative of allembodiments of this disclosure.

[0043]FIG. 1D is a flow diagram demonstrating the method and apparatusillustrating the light source(s) which illuminate a sample, lightcollection channels 1 . . . n (light detector 1 . . . n) of the spectrafrom a sample delivered as input to a spectra measuring device, shownhere as spectrometer 1 . . . n. Spectrometer 1 . . . n channels output 1. . . n are converted from analog to digital and become, for eachchannel, input to a CPU. The CPU is computer program controlled witheach step, following the CPU in this flow diagram representative of acomputer program controlled activity. The CPU output is also for eachchannel 1 . . . n where the steps of 1) calculating of absorbancespectra occurs for each channel 1 . . . n, 2) combining absorbancespectra into a single spectrum encompassing the entire wavelength rangedetected from the sample by spectrometers 1 . . . n, 3) mathematicalpreprocessing, e.g., smoothing or box car smooth or calculatederivatives, 4) comparing the preprocessed combined spectra with thestored calibration spectrum for each characteristic, 1 . . . x, forwhich the sample is examined, 5) sorting decisions are made based on theresults of step 4) or with 6) further combinations and comparisons ofthe results of quantification of each characteristic, 1 . . . x, forwhich the sample is examined. Absorbance is calculated as follows: oncethe dark spectrum, reference spectrum and sample spectrum are collected,they are processed to compute the absorbance spectrum, which Beer's lawindicates is proportional to concentration. The dark spectrum, which mayinclude background/ambient light, is subtracted from both the samplespectrum and the reference spectrum. The log base 10 of the referencespectrum divided by the sample spectrum is then calculated. This is theabsorbance spectrum. It is noted that dark and reference can becollected periodically, i.e., they do not necessarily need to becollected along with every sample spectrum. A stored dark and referencecan be used if light source and detector are stable and don't drift.Pre-processing uses techniques known to those practiced in the art suchas binning, smoothing, wavelength ratioing, taking derivatives, spectralnormalizing, wavelength subtracting, etc. Then the processed absorbancespectrum will be compared with a stored calibration algorithm to producean output representative or predictive of one or more characteristics,e.g., firmness, Brix, pH, acidity, density, color, and internal andexternal defects or acidity, of the sample 30.

[0044]FIG. 1E is a flow diagram demonstrating the method and apparatusillustrating the light source(s) as a broad band source, such as atungsten halogen lamp, which illuminates a sample; at least one, but inthe preferred embodiment a plurality, of discrete wavelength filtered(bandpass) photo detectors provide spectrum detection for lightcollection channels 1 . . . n (photo detector 1 . . . n) of the spectrafrom a sample. The management of the detected spectra is as describedfor FIG. 1D.

[0045]FIG. 1F is a flow diagram demonstrating the method and apparatusillustrating the light source(s) provided by discrete wavelength lightemitting diodes (LEDs) which may be sequentially fired or lighted toilluminate a sample; at least one broadband photo detector and, in analternative embodiment a least one broadband photo detector for eachLED, provide spectrum detection for light collection channels 1 . . . n(photo detector 1 . . . n) of the spectra from a sample. The managementof the detected spectra is as described for FIG. 1D. Alternative lightsources for this embodiment include but are not limited to tunable diodelasers, laser diodes and the use of a filter wheel between the lightsource and the sample or between the sample and photodetector.

[0046]FIG. 2 is a top plan depicting at least one light source, with asingle light source shown in this illustration, with optional filter andwith at least one light detector, with a plurality of light detectorsillustrated, proximal to the sample surface. This depiction demonstratesan orientation of light detectors relative to the direction of lightcast on the sample surface with one light detector oriented atapproximately 45 degrees to the direction of the light cast by the lightsource and a second light detector oriented at approximately 180 degreesfrom the direction of the light cast by the light source. In thisillustration the light detectors are in the same plane as the light fromthe light source. The light detector outputs are illustrated asproviding inputs to spectrometers. The outputs may be combined toprovide a single input to a single spectrum measuring and detectinginstrument or may separately form inputs to separate spectrometers. Forthe case of a single measuring instrument, light shutters may be usedand alternately activated to provide light input from each measuringlocation separately in series, thus producing two spectra from differentdepths or locations of a sample.

[0047]FIG. 2A is a section elevation view of FIG. 2 with the sampleremoved.

[0048]FIG. 2B is a top plan depicting a single light source, withoptional filter(s) and with multiple light detectors proximal anddirected to illuminate the sample surface demonstrating an orientationof light detectors with both light detectors oriented at approximately45 degrees to the direction of the light cast by the light source. Inthis illustration the light detectors are directed in the same planewhich is depicted as orthogonal to the light cast by the light source.

[0049]FIG. 2C is an elevation view of FIG. 2B.

[0050]FIG. 2D is a section from FIG. 2C depicting a shielding method orapparatus, e.g., in the form of a bellows or other shielding articleshielding the light detector from ambient light and directing the lightdetector to detect light spectrum output from the sample.

[0051]FIG. 2E is a detail of a shielding device between the lightdetector of FIG. 2 and a sample. Shown in this illustration is a shieldin the form of a bellows. Other shielding apparatus and methods willprovide like shielding structure.

[0052]FIG. 3 is a top plan depicting an alternative embodiment of alight source and light detector configuration where the light source iscommunicated by fiber optics from an illumination source, e.g., a lampsuch as the lamp at a spectrometer; light detection is provided by lightsensors, e.g., fiber optics or other means of transmission, positionedin varying relationships to the light source.

[0053]FIG. 3A is a section from FIG. 3 showing an embodiment where lightsources 120 or lamps 123 are transmitted from a light source 120 or lamp123 by light source fibers which are concentric to at least onedetection fiber or light detector 80. The light source and lightdetector may be as described for FIG. 1. Alternative light source may beprovided by at least one light source, depicted here as a plurality oflight sources, which may be sequentially fired light emitting diodesemitting discrete wavelengths; where LEDs are employed, the light sensoror light detector may be a broadband photodiode detector central toconcentrically positioned LEDs. While FIG. 3A illustrates light sourcesor lamps (and alternatively LEDs) concentrically positioned around abroadband light detector (and alternatively a broadband photodiodedetector 255, it will be recognized that such light sources of thisembodiment, as well as the light sources 120/LEDs 257 of otherembodiments, can be placed in other arrangements. These two and otherconfigurations also apply in the use of filtered photodetectors 255 andbroadband lamp 123 design.

[0054]FIG. 3B is a section from FIG. 3 showing an embodiment where lightdetectors or light detection fibers surround a least one light source orlight source fibers. The light source and light detector may be asdescribed for FIG. 1. Alternative light source and light detection maybe provided. In this representation, the centrally positioned lightsource may be a lamp or light transmitted from a spectrometer; the lightdetection may be by fiber optics transmission with discrete bandwidthfilters between the fiber optics fiber and the sample limiting thetransmission by any single or group of fibers. Alternatively, lightsource delivery and detection may be by a bifurcated reflectance probe;a reflectance probe may provide one or more light delivery sources andone or more light detectors providing inputs to one or morespectrometer.

[0055]FIG. 4 is a top plan depicting an alternative embodiment of alight source and light detector configuration where at least one, and asdepicted in this illustration two, light sources are communicated byfiber optics from an illumination source, e.g., a lamp such as the lampat a spectrometer or an external lamp under computer control; lightdetection is provided by light sensors, e.g., fiber optics or othermeans of transmission, positioned in varying relationships to the lightsource detecting the output from the sample and providing an input to aspectrometer.

[0056]FIG. 5 is a top plan depicting an alternative embodiment of thedisclosure in a hand held case showing a light source and light detectorconfigured in a sampling head. In this embodiment at the sampling headat least one light source, which may be a tungsten halogen lamp, ispositioned in relation to discrete-wavelength filtered photodetectors. Amethod or article is required to shield the photodetectors from thelight source and from ambient light which is illustrated as an ambientshield provided, for example, by pliable or compressible foam, bellowsand by other such materials or structures. In this illustration thesampling head is arranged so that the photodetectors are concentricallyarrayed in relation to the light source. The light source may becommunicated by fiber optics from an illumination source, e.g., a lampwithin the case or by placement of a lamp within the sampling head,e.g., the broadband output lamp, e.g., tungsten halogen, is physicallylocated centrally to concentrically arrayed photodetectors. The lightsource may be present to be in contact with the sample surface orproximal to the sample surface. Electrical communication is effectedbetween the light source and photodetectors and a computer processor.The photodetectors, fulfilling a spectrometer or spectral measurementfunction, provide the input which will be processed with microprocessorstored calibration algorithms to produce an output representing one ormore parameters of the sample. The operation of this embodiment is seenin FIG. 1E wherein all components are encased within the case 250.

[0057]FIG. 5A is a side elevation of FIG. 5 depicting a samplepositioned on the sampling head.

[0058]FIG. 5B is an illustration of the embodiment of FIG. 5 where thesampling head 260 is in the form of a clamp 263 having at least twoclamp jaws 266 which receive and secure within at least one jaw 266structure at least one lamp 123 and in at least one clamp jaw 266structure at least one light detector 80 such that the jaws 266, whenthe clamp 263 is closed, receive a sample 30 positioned to have the atleast one lamp 123 and the at least one light detector 80 proximal thesample surface 35. The light detector 80 is depicted as a fiber opticfiber transmitting spectrum from the sample to an array of filtered 130photodetectors 255 or a spectrometer 170. The output 82 will be managedas shown in FIG. 1D or 1E.

[0059]FIG. 5C is a section from FIG. 5B of the array of filtered 130photodetectors 255. The spectrum from the sample detected by fiber opticfiber 80 which is contained and positioned to transmit the detectedspectrum from the sample so that the fiber is central to aconcentrically arrayed filtered 130 photodetectors 255. A positioningstructure 79 secures and positions the light detector 80 relative to thefiltered 130 photodetectors 255.

[0060]FIG. 5D is an illustration of the embodiment of FIG. 5 where thesampling head 260 is in the form of a clamp 263 having at least twoclamp jaws 266 which receive and secure within at least one jaw 266structure at least one lamp 123 and in at least one clamp jaw 266structure at least one arc photodetector array 90 such that the jaws266, when the clamp 263 is closed, receive a sample 30 positioned tohave the at least one lamp 123 and the at least one arc photodetectorarray 90 proximal the sample surface 35. The arc photodetector array 90is depicted as an array of filtered 130 photodetectors 255 which willpreferably be equidistant from the lamp 123 when a sample 30 isreceived. The output 82 will be managed as shown in FIG. 1D or 1E.

[0061]FIG. 5E is a section of the photodetector 255 array of FIG. 5D.

[0062]FIG. 6 is a top plan depicting an additional embodiment of thedisclosure in a hand held case showing a light source and light detectorconfiguration in the form of a sampling head. In this embodiment at thesampling head at least one light source is positioned in relation atleast one photodetector. A method or article is required to shield thelight source and light detector or photodetectors from ambient light isillustrated as an ambient shield provided, for example, by pliable orcompressible foam, bellows, as indicated by the structure of FIGS. 2Dand 2E and by other articles equally recognized as providing suchshielding structure. In this illustration the sampling head is arrangedso that the at least one light detector or photodetector is central toconcentrically arrayed discrete wavelength light emitting diodes. Inthis embodiment the light emitting diodes fulfill the function of lightsource and are sequentially fired or lighted with the spectrum outputdetected by the at least one light detector or photodetector. Theoperation of this embodiment is seen in FIG. 1F wherein all componentsare encased within the case 250.

[0063]FIG. 6A is a section elevation of FIG. 6 depicting the samplinghead showing the ambient shield, light emitting diodes and photodetectoror light detector fixed by affixing articles within the sampling head.The output from the light detector is depicted as well as is the case.

[0064]FIG. 6B is an elevation representative of an additional embodimentof the disclosure of this invention and of the embodiment of FIG. 6where a sampling head is affixed in a case, light detectors are affixedby affixing articles within the sampling head. The sampling headreceives a sample which is positioned to be illuminated by a lightsource lamp. This embodiment depicts the case as having a cover whichserves as an ambient shield. Additionally, the structure of the samplinghead may be of a compressible or pliable foam or a bellows which mayprovide the structure allowing an ambient shield. A light source inputis depicted for example from a spectrometer. Outputs from thephotodetectors are depicted which may be inputs to a spectrum measuringinstrument such as a spectrometer with a detector.

[0065]FIG. 6C is a plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 6B illustrating aplurality of light detectors, illustrated here as fiber optic lightdetectors. Shown in this illustration are two light detectors with oneproximal the light source and another distal from the light source withthe purpose being to provide two different pathlengths, shallow anddeep, by taking the difference between the far or deep spectrum and thenear or shallow spectrum data of greater accuracy can be obtained. Thisdifference method provides a pathlength correction to improveconcentration or property or sample characteristic predictions.

[0066]FIG. 6D is a section detail view from FIG. 6B illustrating thelight source, lamp, light source securing article, case, sampling head,light detectors positioned proximal and distal from the light source,light source input and light detector outputs.

[0067]FIG. 6E is an elevation view of an embodiment of the disclosure ofFIG. 6 wherein the sampling head structure provided the ambient shieldstructure.

[0068]FIG. 6F is a section detail from FIG. 6E showing light detectorsaffixed within the sampling head ambient shield positioned proximal anddistal from the light source, a lamp with lamp input, light detectoroutputs and a case.

[0069]FIG. 7 is a side elevation showing another embodiment in apacking/sorting line form of the disclosure illustrating a light sourceand light detector affixed and positioned by bracket articles, lightdetector fixture and light source securing articles which will berecognized as structure from which at least one light source and atleast one light detector will be suspended, rigidly secured andotherwise positioned including the use of such as rods, bars and othersuch bracket fixture articles. The at least one light source ispositioned to illuminate a sample, depicted in this drawing as an apple.The at least one light detector is positioned by bracket articles andlight detector fixture to detect the light spectrum output from thesample. Samples, in this illustration are conveyed by a sample conveyor.Total exposure to the at least one light source and at least one lightdetector will be limited by the nature of the sample being interrogatedand of the embodiment, i.e., sampling time may be limited in apacking/sorting line application for apples, to 5 ms or less. However,it will be recognized that other sampling times and strategies will bewithin the realm of use for the invention disclosed herein. The at leastone light detector monitoring the sample depicted is directed to detectlight at approximately 30 degrees relative to the direction of the lightcast from the at least one light source, although various otherplacements of light detector(s) relative to light source(s) can also beutilized. The light source and light detector are positioned proximalthe sample. The light source lamp may be powered from a spectrometer orexternally controlled by the CPU. The light detector may be a singlefiber optic fiber with the light spectrum detected forming the input toa spectrum detection instrument such as a spectrometer. The processingof the light spectrum detected is as described and set out in FIGS. 1Cand 1D

[0070]FIG. 7A is a section elevation of FIG. 7 depicting the lightsource, and sample conveyance system, bracket fixture, light sourcesecuring article, lamp input and spectrometer as a sample moves intoillumination from the light source and toward the light detector.

[0071]FIG. 7B is a section elevation of FIG. 7 depicting the lightdetector, and sample conveyance system, bracket fixture, light detectorfixture, light detector output, spectrometer, and detector as a samplemoves toward and under the light detector.

[0072]FIG. 7C is an elevation depicting at least one light detector 80and as shown a plurality of light detectors 80 representative ofmeasurements of a plurality of spectrum regions. A filtered 130 lightdetector 80 is representative of the detection of spectrum of 700 to 925nm, another light detector 80 is representative of detection of redpigments and chlorophyll in the 500 to 699 nm range and the 926 to 1150nm range, another light detector 80 is representative of detection ofthe yellow pigment region in the range of 250 to 499 nm. Two additionallight detectors 80 are shown positioned opposite a light source 120 lamp123 such that the sample will pass between the lamp 123 and lightdetector 80 and is representative of an input to reference spectrometers170 separately operating in the 250-499 nm range and 500-1150 nm range.Where the sample is an apple it will be expected that the referencechannels additionally will not detect spectrum out of the sample andwill indicate the presence or absence of a sample. This referencechannel information can then be used to aide in the selection of optimalsample spectra to use for prediction. Shielding may be utilized betweenthe light source and the light detectors and or sample, e.g., optionsinclude but are not limited to 1) a light shield as a curtain may extendfrom a bracket fixture between the light source and light detectorsreducing the direct exposure of the light detectors to the light source,2) the light shield may extend between the light source and lightdetectors and sample wherein an aperture will be formed in the lightshield between the light source and sample limiting surface reflectionfrom the sample to the light detectors and 3) the light shield mayprovide filter function, e.g., heat blocking, cutoff and bandpass,between the light source and sample limiting the possibility of heat orburn damage to the sample.

[0073]FIG. 7D is a section from FIG. 7C showing the lamp 123 oriented toilluminate the sample from the side. As illustrated, the sample as anapple is illuminated from the stem side.

[0074]FIG. 7E is a section from FIG. 7C showing one of the lightdetectors 80.

[0075]FIG. 8 is a side elevation showing an additional embodiment of theapparatus disclosed in FIG. 7 wherein at least one light shield ispositioned by a bracket fixture article to separate the at least onelight source from the at least one light detector as a sample isconveyed by a sample conveyor under and past a light source toward andunder a light detector. The light shield may be a curtain and isdepicted in FIG. 8 as a curtain composed of two portions, each suspendedfrom a bracket fixture. The at least two curtain portions overlap andseparate as the sample passes.

[0076]FIG. 8A is a section elevation of FIG. 8 depicting the lightshield and at least one curtain, light source, and sample conveyancesystem as a sample moves into contact with and under the light shield.

[0077]FIG. 8B is a section elevation of FIG. 8 depicting the lightshield, at least one curtain, light detector and sample conveyancesystem as a sample moves into contact with and under the light shield.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0078] The apparatus and method disclosed herein is illustrated in FIGS.1 through 8. FIGS. 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F are flow diagrams demonstrating themethod of this invention. The flow diagram FIG. 1C is representative ofall embodiments of this disclosure. The flow diagram FIG. 1D illustratesone or more light sources 120 and multiple channels from light detector50 through final prediction of sample characteristic. FIG. 1Ddemonstrates the method and apparatus of this disclosure illustratingthe light source(s) 120, which may be lamps 123 or other light sources,which illuminate a sample 30 interior 36, light collection channels 1 .. . n, composed for example of fiber optic fibers 80 or photodetectors255, e.g., light detector 1 . . . n, of the spectra from a sample 30delivered as input 82 to a spectra measuring device, shown here asspectrometer(s) 1 . . . n. 170. In the preferred embodiment a lightsource 120 with lamp 123 is external to the spectrometer and iscontrolled by a CPU 172 which triggers power 125 to the light source 120lamp 123. Spectrometer 1 . . . n 170 channels output 1 . . . n areconverted from analog to digital by A/D converters 1 . . . n 171 andbecome, for each channel, input to a CPU 172. The CPU 172 is computerprogram controlled with each step, following the CPU 172 in this flowdiagram is representative of a computer program controlled activity. ACPU 172 output is provided for each channel 1 . . . n where the stepsof 1) calculation of absorbance spectra 173 occurs for each channel 1 .. . n, 2) combine absorbance spectra 174 into a single spectrumencompassing the entire wavelength range detected from the sample byspectrometers 1 . . . n 170, 3) mathematical preprocessing or preprocess175, e.g., smoothing or box car smooth or calculate derivatives,precedes 4) the prediction or predict 176, for each channel, comparingthe preprocessed combined spectra 175 with the stored calibrationspectrum or calibration algorithm(s) 177 for each characteristic 1 . . .x 178, e.g., Brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color and externaland internal defects and disorders, for which the sample is examined,followed by 5) decisions or further combinations and comparisons of theresults of quantification of each characteristic, 1 . . . x, e.g.,determination of internal and or external defects of disorders 179, 180;determination of color 181; determination of indexes such as eatingquality index 182, appearance quality index 183 and concluding withsorting or other decisions 184. Sorting or other decisions 184 may forexample be input process controllers to control packing/sorting lines ormay determine the time to harvest, time to remove from cold storage, andtime to ship. The apparatuses depicted in FIGS. 1 through 8 do not allillustrate the entire flow diagram sequence from illumination of sample30 through determination of the predicted result as is depicted in FIGS.1C, 1D, 1E and 1F. For signal processing illustrations, reference ismade to the indicated drawings.

[0079]FIG. 1E is a flow diagram demonstrating the method and apparatusillustrating the light source(s) 120 as a broad band source, such as atungsten halogen lamp, which illuminates a sample 30; at least one, butin an embodiment a plurality, of discrete wavelength filtered (bandpass)photodetectors 255 having filters 130 provide spectrum detection forlight collection channels 1 . . . n (photodetector 1 . . . n) of thespectra from a sample 30. In this embodiment a light source 120 withlamp 123 is controlled by a CPU 172 which triggers power 125 to thelight source 120 lamp 123. The spectrum detected from the sample surface35 may be communicated by fiber optic fibers as light detectors 80 tothe photodetectors 255. The management of the detected spectra is asdescribed for FIG. 1D. An alternative to this embodiment may use anAOTF, (acousto-optic tunable filter) to replace the at least one or aplurality of photodetectors 255 as the spectrum detection device.

[0080]FIG. 1F is a flow diagram demonstrating the method and apparatusillustrating the light source(s) provided by at least one, but in anembodiment a plurality of discrete wavelength light emitting diodes 257,which may be sequentially fired or lighted by a CPU trigger for power125 to illuminate a sample 30; at least one broadband photodetector 255and, in an alternative embodiment a least one broadband photodetector255 for each LED 257, provide spectrum detection for light collectionchannels 1 . . . n (photodetector 1 . . . n) of the spectra from asample. The management of the detected spectra is as described for FIG.1D. Alternative light sources for this embodiment include but are notlimited to tunable diode lasers, laser diode and a filter wheel placedbetween the light source(s) and sample or between the sample andphotodetector(s).

[0081]FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B depict an embodiment of a Nondestructive FruitMaturity and Quality Tester 1 for measuring and correlatingcharacteristics of fruit with combined Visible and Near Infra-RedSpectrum showing an embodiment of the disclosure illustrating a sampleholder 5 having a securing or spring biasing article 9 urging a holdingarticle 12 against and in contact with a sample 30. The holding articledepicted in FIG. 1 is illustrated as essentially a hemisphere sized toreceive a sample 30. The sample has a sample surface 35. At least onelight source 120 will be employed proximal the sample surface 35. Thelight source 120 is comprised of at least one lamp 123, optional filters130. Here illustrated are two light sources 120 each directedessentially orthogonally to the sample surface 35 and illuminating thesample 30 approximately 60 TO 90 degrees relative to each other. A lightdetector 80 is depicted as directed to detect light from the samplesurface 35 at approximately 30 TO 45 degrees relative to the directionof the light cast from either light source 120. The light detector 80 isillustrated as positioned by a light detector fixture 50 having a lightdetector securing or spring biasing article 60 placing, holding and orurging a light detector 80 into contact with the sample surface 35.Monitoring of the light source 120 is depicted by light detectors 80depicted as directed toward the lamp 123 output; the output 82 of thesereference light detectors 80 is detected by a reference spectrometer170; an alternative to the use of two spectrometers 170 will be thesequential measurement of reference light detectors 80 and the lightdetector 80 directed to the sample surface 35. All light detector 80 arefixed by light detector fixtures 50 by light detector securing or springbiasing articles 60 to a plate 7 or other containing device such as acase. The securing article 9 urging the holding article 12 against thesample 30 also urges the sample against the light detector 80. Thesecuring article 9 and holding article 12 in combination with the lightdetector 80 and light detector securing article 60 secure and preventthe sample 30 from movement. The sample 30 is shown, in FIG. 1, as anapple. The light sources 120 may be, for example, tungsten/halogenlamps. An optional filter 130 or filters 130 functioning as heat block,bandpass and or cutoff filters, separately or in combination, may bepositioned between the lamp 123 and the sample 30 or between the sample30 and the light detector 80. The light sources 120 may be lamps 123,provided for example by external 50 Watt, 75 Watt, or 150 Watt lampsources controlled by a CPU 172. Power 125 can be provided by powersupply from a spectrometer 170 or from an alternate power supply. Boththe light source(s ) and the spectrometer(s) are controlled by a CPU 172and their operation can be precisely controlled and optimallysynchronized using digital input/output (I/O) trigger. The lightdetector 80, shown here as a fiber-optic sensor, provides a lightdetector output 82 which becomes the input to a spectrometer 170, orother spectrum measuring or processing instrument, which is detected bya detector 200, e.g., at least one light detection device or article,such as a CCD array which may be a CCD array within a spectrometer 170.The sample holder 5, light detector fixture 50 and light detectorsecuring article 60 and light sources 120 with light source securingarticle 122 are affixed to a plate 7, for experimental purposes but willbe otherwise enclosed and or affixed in a container, case, cabinet orother or other fixture for commercial purposes, e.g., applicationsinclude and are not limited to sample measurements on high speed sortingand packing lines, harvesters, trucks, conveyor-belts and experimentaland laboratory. Other brackets, fixtures or articles may be employed tosecure or position either sample holders 5, light detectors 50 and orsamples 30 requiring only that the device or method used retain thesample 30 in position relative to the light source 120 and lightdetector 50 during the period of measurement; fixing methods includingwelds, bolts, screws, glue, sheet metal forming and other methods may beused to secure such items for either experimental or commercialpurposes.

[0082]FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E depicts an alternative embodimentof the Nondestructive Fruit Maturity and Quality Tester 1 depicting asingle light source 120, with lamp 123 and optional filter 130 and withmultiple light detectors 80 in contact with the sample surface 35. Thisdepiction of the relative positioning of the light detectors 80 with thesample 30 or sample surface 35 is directed to the shielding of the lightdetector 80 from ambient light and is intended to demonstrate eitherdirect contact between the light detector 80 and the sample surface 35or shielded a shield 84 composed, for example, by bellows, a foamstructure or other pliable or compressible article or apparatusproviding a sealing structure or shield method of insuring that thelight detector 80 is shielded from ambient light and light from thelight source 120 and receives light spectrum input solely from thesample 30. The positioning of the light source 120 relative to the lightdetectors 80 illustrate a positioning of one light detector 80 at angletheta of approximately 45 degrees to the direction of the light asdirected by the light source 120 to illuminate the sample 30. The secondlight detector 80, in this illustration, is at angle gamma ofapproximately 180 degrees to the direction of the light as directed bythe light source 120. The positioning of the light detector 80 atapproximately 180 degrees to the direction of the light as directed bythe light source 120 may be a position utilized for the detection ofinternal disorders within the sample, e.g., internal disorders withinTasmania Jonagold apples, such as water core, core rot, internalbrowning/breakdown, carbon dioxide damage, and, in some cases, insectdamage/infestation. The light detectors 80 in this illustration aresuggestive of the many light detector 80 positions possible with thepositioning dependent on the sample and the characteristic orcharacteristics to be measured or predicted. In this illustration thelight detectors 80 are positioned to detect within the same plane as thelight directed from the light source 120. The orientation of 180 degreesbetween light source 120 and light detector 80 will be preferred forsmaller samples. Larger samples 30 will attenuate light transmissionthus requiring the location of the light detector 80 proximal the lightsource 120 to insure exposure to light spectrum output 82 characteristicof the sample 30. The orientation of the light source 120 and lightdetectors 80 is sensitive to fruit size, fruit skin and fruit pulp orflesh properties. The orientation where the sample 30 is an apple willlikely preclude a 180 degree orientation because of limitations inproximity and intensity of the light source 120 as being likely todamage or burn the apple skin. However, orange skins are less sensitiveand may withstand, without commercial degradation, a light source 120 ofhigh intensity and closely positioned to the orange surface. Generally,the signal output or light detector output 82 is dependent on theorientation of the light source 120 relative to the sample 30 and samplesurface 35 and the light detector 80.

[0083]FIGS. 2B and 2C depict an alternative orientation of lightdetectors 80 where the light detectors 80 are oriented at angle theta ofapproximately 45 degrees to the direction of the light as directed bythe light source 120. This illustration demonstrates two light detectors80 positioned approximately 90 degrees apart and positioned to detectlight from approximately the same plane. One of ordinary skill in theart will recognize from these illustrations that the positioning of thelight source or light sources and light detector or detectors willdepend on the measurement intended. FIGS. 2D and 2E depict a shieldingmethod or apparatus, e.g., in the form of a bellows or other shield 84article shielding the light detector from ambient light and enabling thelight detector to solely detect light spectrum output from the sample.The shield 84 structure may be formed of a flexible or pliant rubber,foam or plastic which will conform to the surface irregularities of thesample and will provide a sealing function between the shieldingmaterial and sample surface which will eliminate introduction of ambientlight into contact with the light detector. The shield 84 is depicted inthe form of a bellows in FIGS. 2D and 2E.

[0084] FIGS. 1, 2-4, 6, 7 and 8 depict light sources which may beprovided by spectrometers 170 (as in the case of FIG. 3) or externallamps controlled by CPU 172 (as in case of FIGS. 1, 2, 4-8). In allcases of FIGS. 1-4, 6, 7, and 8, tungsten halogen lamps or theequivalent are used which generally produce a spectrum within the rangeof 250-1150 nm when the filament temperature is operated at 2500 to 3500degrees kelvin. The light source, for the invention disclosed herein maybe a broadband lamp, which for example, but without limitation, may be atungsten halogen lamp or the equivalent, which may produce a spectrumwithin the range of 250-1150 nm; other broadband spectrum lamps may beemployed depending upon the sample 30, characteristics to be predicted,and embodiment utilized The light detector 80 output 82 in theseembodiments will generally be received by a spectrometer 170 having adetector 200 such as a CCD array.

[0085]FIGS. 3, 3A and 3B depict an alternative embodiment of aNondestructive Fruit Maturity and Quality Tester-Combined Unit 15 of acombined unit 126 having a combined source/detector 135. The source oflight and method of light detection in this embodiment may be a lightsource 120, lamp 123 and light detector 80 configuration where the lightsource 123 lamp 123 is communicated by fiber optics from an illuminationsource, e.g., a lamp such as the lamp at a spectrometer 170; lightdetection is provided by light detectors 80, e.g., fiber optics or othermanner of light transmission, positioned in varying relationships to thelamp 123 as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3A is a section from FIG. 3showing the combined unit 126 where a combined source/detector 135 hasan alternative source of light and light detection; the source of light,depicted as a plurality of sources, may be sequentially fired lightemitting diodes 257 emitting discrete wavelengths; the light detectionmay be a broadband photodiode detector 255 central to concentricallypositioned LEDs. The combined unit 126 and sample holder 5 are mountedto a plate 7 or other mounting or containing fixture, case, cabinet orother device suitable for commercial or experimental purposes, forexample with a bracket or other mounting article, so as to be fixed oras to have a spring or other biasing function to urge the combined unit126 and sample holder 5 against the sample. A light shield 84, asdepicted in FIGS. 2D and 2E may be used between the combinedsource/detector 135 and the sample surface 35. FIG. 3B is a section fromFIG. 3 showing an additional embodiment of a combined unit 126 where acentrally positioned light source 120 lamp 123, for example light viafiber optics from a tungsten halogen lamp, is concentric to at least oneand, as depicted here a plurality, of discrete wavelengthphotodetectors. The output of the at least one detection fibers or lightdetectors 80 is the input to a spectrometer 170 or other spectralmeasuring instrument such as a photodetector 255. Depicted is aspectrometer 170 having a detector 200. Alternatively, light sourcedelivery and detection for the embodiment of FIG. 3B may be by abifurcated reflectance probe; alternatively, it is recognized that areflectance probe may provide one or more light delivery sources and oneor more light detectors providing inputs to one or more spectrometer.While FIG. 3A illustrates LEDs 257 concentrically positioned around abroadband photodiode detector 255, it will be recognized that the LEDsof this embodiment, as well as the light sources 120 of otherembodiments, can be placed in other arrangements, e.g., the photodiodedetector 255, as well as the detectors 80 of other embodiments, can be180 degrees opposite a circle of LEDs 257 and the sample 30 placedbetween the LEDs 257 and the photodiode detector 255, e.g., for cherriesor grapes; alternatively, the LEDs 257 can be placed on an arc,equidistant and 180 degrees opposite from the photodetector 255 inrelationship to the sample 30. These two arrangements are suggestive ofthe positioning relationships of LEDs 257 (light sources 120),photodiode detectors 255 (light detectors 80) and samples 30 as well asthe instance where other types of light source and detectors areemployed including, for example, the use of filtered photodetectors 255with a broadband lamp 123, as illustrated in FIG. 5. In each embodimentthe particular sample 30 type combined with the particularcharacteristics to be predicted will dictate the pattern of light source120 and light detector 80 in relation to the sample 30. Additionally, itis to be recognized that light source used herein includes broadbandlamps such as the tungsten halogen lamp, LEDs and other light emittingdevices; light detectors used herein includes fiber optic fibers,photodiode detectors and other devices sensitive to and capable ofdetecting light.

[0086]FIG. 4 is a top plan depicting an alternative embodiment of aNondestructive Fruit Maturity and Quality Tester 1 showing at least onelight source 120 and lamp 123 and light detector 50 configuration whereat least one, and as depicted in this illustration two, light source 120and lamps 123 are communicated by fiber optics to or proximal the samplesurface 35, from an illumination source, e.g., a lamp 123 or otherexternal light source. Light detection is provided by light detectors80, e.g., fiber optics or other method of light transmission. In thisembodiment the light sources 120 and light detector 80 are in contactwith the sample surface 35. The light detector 80 detects the lightspectrum output from the sample 30 and providing light detector input 82to a spectrum measuring or processing instrument or method including,for example, a spectrometer 170 having a detector 200. For certainsamples, the light detector 80 will be inserted into the sample 30 thuseffecting a shielding of the light detector 80 from ambient light, e.g.,on harvester-mounted applications or in a processing plant where theproduct will be processed such as sugar beets or grapes. Otherwise, thelight shield 84 depicted in FIGS. 2D and 2E is applicable to theinterrelationship of the sample 30 and sample surface 35 with the lightdetector 80 and light source 120 and lamp 123. Illustrated in FIG. 4 isthe connection of the light detector outputs 82 from the at least onelight detector 80 forming the input to a spectrum measuring orprocessing instrument. It will be recognized that each component of thisembodiment will be affixed by conventional methods to a plate 7 or othermounting or containing fixture, case, cabinet or other device suitablefor commercial or experimental purposes.

[0087]FIG. 5 is a top plan depicting an alternative embodiment of theNondestructive Fruit Maturity and Quality Tester 1 in a hand held case250 showing a light source 120 and at least one light detector 80, shownhere as six light detectors 80, configuration in the form of a samplinghead 260. In this embodiment at the sampling head 260 at least one lightsource 120 lamp 123 is positioned in relation to light detectors 80provided by at least one discrete-wavelength photodetector 255. Shown inFIG. 5 are a plurality of discrete-wavelength photodetectors 255,filling the combined function of light detector 80, and spectrumdetecting instrument such as a CCD array detector 200. The operation ofthis embodiment is seen in FIG. 1E wherein all components are encasedwithin the case 250. Electronic and computer communication between thesampling head 260 and the computer control circuitry is via electronicsignal cabling 265 or wireless including infrared or other suchtransmission method or apparatus. The sampling head 260 ambient shield262 will provide a shielding method or apparatus, e.g., fulfilling thesame or similar structural function as the shield 84 in FIGS. 2D and 2E,in shielding the at least one photodetector 255 and lamp 123 fromambient light. The sampling head 260 and ambient shield 262, depicted inFIGS. 5 and 5A may be formed from a pliable polyfoam within which the atleast one lamp 123 and at least one photodetector 255 may be secured bya fixture article. The material or structure forming the sampling head260 and ambient shield 262 may be flexible or pliable foam, in the formof a bellows or other shielding article similar to that depicted inFIGS. 2D and 2E. The use of a pliable polyfoam to form the ambientshield 262 will serve to seal out or preclude exposure, by a sealingaction between a sample surface 35 and the ambient shield 262, of the atleast one photodetector 255 and lamp 123 from ambient light. Othershielding apparatus and methods will provide adequate shieldingstructure including bellows, a case or box enclosing the sampling head260 and sample 30 or other such article providing shielding structurebetween ambient light and the interface between the sampling head 260,the at least one photodetector 255 and lamp 123 and the sample 30 andsample surface 35. The operation of this embodiment is seen in FIG. 1Ewherein all components are encased within the case 250.

[0088]FIGS. 5 and 5A illustrate the sampling head 260 arranged so thatat least one, and as illustrated in FIG. 5, a plurality ofdiscrete-wavelength filtered 130 photodetectors 255 are concentricallyarrayed in relation to the centrally positioned at least one lightsource 120. The light source 120 lamp 123 which may be communicated byfiber optics from an illumination source, e.g., a lamp within the case250 or may, for particular samples 30, e.g., oranges, be present to bein contact with or closely proximal the sample surface 35. Electricalcommunication and light communication is effected between the lightsource 120 and photodetectors 255 and a spectrometer 170 by fiber opticsand or wiring, printed circuit paths, cables. The photodetectors 255fulfill a spectrometer or spectral measurement function, provides theinput 82 which will be processed with microprocessor stored calibrationalgorithm to produce an output representing one or more parameters ofthe sample. FIG. 5A is a side elevation of FIG. 5 depicting a samplepositioned on the sampling head.

[0089]FIGS. 5B, 5C, 5D and 5E illustrate embodiment of the inventiondirected particularly to small samples 30, e.g., grapes and cherries,where the sampling head 260 is in the form of a clamp 263 having atleast two clamp jaws 266 which receive and secure within at least onejaw 266 structure at least one lamp 123 having a light source input 125and in at least one clamp jaw 266 structure at least one light detector80 such that the jaws 266, when the clamp 263 is closed, receive asample 30 positioned to have the at least one lamp 123 and the at leastone light detector 80 proximal the sample surface 35. The light detector80 is depicted as a fiber optic fiber transmitting spectrum from thesample to an array of filtered 130 photodetectors 255 or a spectrometer170. The output 82 will be managed as shown in FIG. 1D or 1E. FIG. 5Bdepicts a light detector 80 as a fiber transmitting spectrum from asample 30 to be displayed on a filtered 130 photodetector array 255where the fiber 80 is contained and positioned to transmit the detectedspectrum from the sample 30 so that the fiber 80 is central to aconcentrically arrayed filtered 130 photodetectors 255. A positioningstructure 79, which may be tubes interconnected to position the fiberlight detector 80 central to the photodetector array 255, secures andpositions the light detector 80 relative to the filtered 130photodetectors 255. A collimating lens 78 will be positioned between thelight detector 80 fiber and the array 255 to insure that light from thelight detector 80 is normal to the filtered 130 photodetector array 255.FIG. 5F depicts an arc photodetector array 90 received and securedwithin at least one jaw 266 structure where the photodetectors 255within the photodetector array 90 are preferably equidistant from thelight source 120 or lamp 123.

[0090]FIGS. 6 through 6F illustrate an additional embodiment of theNondestructive Fruit Maturity and Quality Tester 1. FIG. 6 is a top plandepicting an additional embodiment of the disclosure in a hand held case250 form showing a light source 120 in the form of LEDs 257 and lightdetector 80, in the form of a photodetector 255, configuration in theform of a sampling head 260. With the LED 257 and photodetector 255configuration, the photodetector 255 is used without filters, i.e.,wavelength bandpass filters, and is sensitive from 250-1150 nm.Alternative devices or methods for providing light source and lightdetection includes, but is not limited to diodelasers and other lightsources producing a discrete wavelength spectrum. In this embodiment atthe sampling head 260 at least one LED 257, and as illustrated in FIG.6, a plurality of LEDs 257, is positioned in relation at least onephotodetector 255. A method or article is required to shield the LEDs257 and photodetector/photodiode detector 255 from ambient light whichis illustrated as an ambient shield 262 including structures ofcompressible and pliable foam, bellows as indicated by the shield 84structure of FIGS. 2D and 2E and other such materials, structures orarticles. In this illustration the sampling head 260 is arranged so thatthe at least one photodetector/photodiode detector 255 is central toconcentrically arrayed discrete wavelength LEDs 257. In this embodimentthe light emitting diodes 257 fulfill the function of light source andare sequentially fired or lighted with the spectrum output detected bythe at least one photodetector/photodiode detector 255. Thephotodetector 255 output 82 is processed as demonstrated in FIG. 1F.

[0091] The photodetector 255 is responsive to a broad range ofwavelengths, both visible and near-infrared (i.e., ˜250-1150 nm). Wheneach LED 257 is fired, the light enters the sample 30, interacts withthe sample 30, and re-emerges to be detected by the photodetector 255.The photodetector 255 produces a current proportional to the intensityof light detected. The current is converted to a voltage, which is thendigitized using an analog-to-digital converter. The digital signal isthen stored by an embedded microcontroller/microprocessor. Themicrocontroller/microprocessor used in the preferred embodiment is anIntel 8051. However, other microprocessors and other devices andcircuits will perform the needed tasks. The signal detected by thephotodetector 255 as each LED 257 is fired is digitized, A/D convertedand stored. After each LED 257 has been fired and the converted signalstored, the microprocessor stored readings are combined to create aspectrum consisting of as many data points as there are LEDs 257. Thisspectrum is then used by the embedded microprocessor in combination witha previously stored calibration algorithm to predict the sampleproperties of interest. Signal processing then proceeds as shown in FIG.1F. FIG. 6A is a section elevation of FIG. 6 depicting the sampling head260 showing the ambient shield 262, composed for example of compressiblefoam or bellows or other such structure, e.g., a rubber plunger,originally designed for a vacuum pick-up tool which looks much like atoilet plunger, but has a more gentle curve and is available in avariety of sizes including 1 mm diameter and larger; in certain of theseembodiments a 20 mm rubber plunger was used with a pickup fiber opticoperating as the “handle” that couples to the plunger. The sample thenmakes a seal with the plunger prior to measurement. Other devices ormethods will also provide the requisite sealing structure, as describedin this specification. Also shown are light emitting diodes 257 andlight detector/photodiode detector 80 fixed by affixing articles withinthe sampling head 260. The affixing articles will be composed of bracketarticles and other mounting structure recognized by one of ordinaryskill. The output 82 from the light detector 80 is depicted as well asthe case 250 with processing as shown in FIG. 1F.

[0092]FIGS. 6B, 6C and 6D are representative of an additional embodimentof the disclosure of this invention where a sampling head 260 is affixedin a case 250, light detectors 80 are affixed by affixing articleswithin the sampling head 260. The sampling head 260 receives a sample 30which is positioned to be illuminated by a light source 120 lamp 123.This embodiment depicts the case 250 as having a cover which serves asan ambient shield 262. Additionally, the structure of the sampling head260 may be of a compressible or pliable foam or a bellows which mayprovide the structure allowing an ambient shield 262. Ambient light canalso be measured after the sample 30 is in place, but before the lightsource 120 lamp 123 is turned on. This ambient light signal is thenstored and subtracted accordingly for subsequent measurements. A lightsource input power 125 is depicted for example from a spectrometer 170or may be from a CPU 172 trigger or other external lamp source and/orpower supply. Outputs 82 from the light detector/photodiode detectors 80are depicted and processed as shown in FIG. 1F.

[0093]FIGS. 6E and 6F are representative of an embodiment of thedisclosure wherein the lamp 123 is positioned within the sampling head260. Alternatively, the lamp 123 may be positioned by an affixingarticle within the ambient shield 262.

[0094] Another embodiment in a packing/sorting line form of thedisclosure is depicted in FIGS. 7, 7A and 7B illustrating a light source120 and light detector 80 affixed and positioned by bracket articles275, light detector fixture 50 and light source securing articles 122which will be recognized as mounting structure from which at least onelight source 120 and at least one light detector 80 will be suspended,rigidly secured and otherwise positioned including the use of such asrods, bars and other such bracket article 275 fixtures. The at least onelight source 120 is positioned to illuminate a sample 30, depicted inthis drawing as an apple. The at least one light detector 80 ispositioned by bracket articles 275 and light detector fixture 50 todetect the light spectrum output from the illuminated sample 30. Samples30, in this illustration are conveyed by a sample conveyor 295. Totalexposure to the at least one light source 120 and at least one lightdetector 80 will be determined by the intensity of the light source usedand the nature of the sample being interrogated. For apples, exposuretimes of 5-10 msec or less are commonly used to provide multiplemeasurements per apple at line speeds up to 20 fruit/second. The atleast one light detector 80 depicted in FIG. 7 illustrates a separationof the light detector 80 from the light source 120 of approximately 90degrees with both light detector 80 and light source 120 essentiallyorthogonal to the sample in the same plane. However, for each embodimentof this disclosure, the positioning of the light detector(s) 80 and ofthe light sources(es) 120 relative to each other and relative to thesample is dependent on the characteristics of the sample and of thequalities sought to be measured. For example, the light source 120 maybe positioned to be directed essentially orthogonal to the samplesurface 30 in a plane oriented 90 degrees from the plane to which thelight detector 80 is directed. The light source 120 and light detector80 are positioned proximal the sample 30. The light source 120 lamp 123may be powered from a spectrometer 170 or other external source, asnoted in the discussion of FIG. 1. The light detector 80 may be a singlefiber optic fiber with the light spectrum detected forming the output 82to a spectrum detection instrument such as a spectrometer 170 anddetector 200. The processing of the light spectrum detected is asdescribed and set out in FIG. 1C.

[0095] Another embodiment directed to sorting/packing lines is seen inFIGS. 7C, 7D and 7E depicting at least one light detector 80 and asshown a plurality of light detectors 80 representative of measurementsof a plurality of spectrum regions. A filtered 130 light detector 80 isrepresentative of the detection of spectrum of 700 to 925 nm, anotherlight detector 80 is representative of detection of red pigments andchlorophyl in the 500 to 699 nm range and water, alcohols and physicalquality (e.g., firmness, density) information available in the 926 to1150 nm range, another light detector 80 is representative of detectionof the yellow pigment region in the range of 250 to 499 nm. Twoadditional light detectors 80 are shown positioned opposite a lightsource 120 lamp 123 such that the sample will pass between the lamp 123and light detector 80 and is representative of an input to two referencespectrometers 170, one monitoring the 250-499 nm wavelength region andthe other monitoring the 500-1150 nm region. Where the sample is anapple it will be expected that the reference channel additionally willnot detect spectrum out of the sample and will indicated the presence orabsence of a sample. The output of the reference channel(s) can be usedas an object locator to determine which spectra from the sample lightdetector(s) to retain for use in prediction. Shielding may be utilizedbetween the light source 120 lamp 123 and the light detectors 80 and orsample 30, e.g., options include but are not limited to 1) a lightshield 284 as a curtain 285 may extend from a bracket fixture 275between the light source 120 lamp 123 and light detectors 80 reducingthe direct exposure of the light detectors 80 to the light source 120lamp 123, 2) the light shield 285 may extend between the light source120 lamp 123 and light detectors 80 and sample 30 wherein an aperturewill be formed in the light shield 284 between the light source 120 lamp123 and sample 30 limiting surface reflection from the sample surface 35to the light detectors 80 and 3) the light shield 284 may provide filter130 function, e.g., heat blocking, cutoff and bandpass, between thelight source 120 lamp 123 and sample surface 35 limiting the possibilityof heat or burn damage to the sample 30.

[0096] An additional embodiment is seen in FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B wherein atleast one light shield 284 is positioned by a bracket article 275 toseparate the at least one light source 120 and lamp 123 from the atleast one light detector 80 as a sample 30 is conveyed by a sampleconveyor 295 under and past a light source 120 and lamp 123 toward andunder a light detector 80. The light shield 284 may be a curtain 285 andis depicted in FIG. 8 as a curtain 285 composed of at least one portionsand as shown in FIG. 8A of two portions or a plurality of portions, eachsuspended from a bracket article 275. Where there are a plurality ofcurtain 285 portions, the respective curtain 285 portions will overlapand separate as the sample 30 passes.

[0097] In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, the sample 30, forexample an apple, is conveyed by a packing/sorting conveyance system295. A cycle will be repeated as each sample 30 moves toward, intocontact with, under and past the light shield 284. The packing/sortingconveyance system 295 will have samples 30 sequentially positioned onthe conveyance system 295 such that the space between sample 30 isminimal generally in relation to the size of the sample 30. As thesample 30 moves toward, but is not in contact with, the light shield 284the sample 30 will be illuminated by the light source 120 while thelight detector 80 will detect only ambient light and will be shieldedfrom the light source 120. As the sample 30 moves into contact with andunder the light shield 284 the sample 30 will, while continuing to beilluminated by the light source 120, be exposed to the light detector 80which will detect spectrum from the sample 30. When the sample 30 movespast the light shield 284 the light detector 80 will again be shieldedfrom the light source 120 and will detect only ambient light. The lightsource 120 may, for example, be a tungsten/halogen lamp or lighttransmitted by optics to illuminate the sample 30. The light detector80, for example a optic fiber detector, is positioned such that thesample surface 35 will be proximal to the light detector 80 as thesample 30 contacts and passes under the light shield 284. The lightshield 284 may be composed of a flexible or pliable sheet opaque to thespectra to which the light detector 80 is sensitive and may becomprised, for example, of silicone rubber, Mylar, thermoplastics andother materials. The light detector 80, light shield 284 and lightsource 120 will be mechanically affixed by bracket articles 275 or othermounting apparatus or methods readily recognized by those of ordinaryskill in the art or measurement at packing/sorting systems.

[0098] An alternative configuration of the embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 8will employ a plurality of light sources 120 including, for example alight source 120 illuminating the sample 30 from the top with a secondlight source 120 illuminating the sample 30 from the side or two lightsources 120 illuminating the sample 30 from opposite sides illustratingthe multiple positions which may be employed for light sources 120. Aplurality of light detectors 80 will view the same or different samplesurface 35 locations with each light detector 80 output 82 either sensedby a separate spectrometer or combined to form a single output 82. Wherea plurality of outputs 82 are received by a plurality of spectrometers170 at least one spectrometer 170 will have a neutral density filterinstalled to block some percentage, e.g. 50%, of the output 82 from thelight detector 80 with this spectrometer 170 to provide data from aparticular spectral range, e.g., approximately 700 to approximately 925nm. A second spectrometer will not use a filter and will saturate fromapproximately 700 to 925 nm but will yield good signal to noise (S/N)data from approximately 500 to 699 nm and approximately 926 to 1150 nm.Other outputs 82 to filtered input spectrometers 170 will permit theexamination of specific spectral ranges. Additionally, this methodallows the use of the same exposure times on both, or a plurality of,spectrometers 170 making them easier to control in parallel. This isessentially the dual exposure approach using filtered input 82 to thespectrometer 170 rather than different exposure times. The blocking oflight to one spectrometer 170 effects the same result as using a shorterexposure time. The dual intensity approach proves problematic becausethe high and low intensity spectra are not easily pasted or combinedtogether due to slope differences in the spectra, however the dualintensity approach may be preferred for predicting certain parameters(e.g., firmness, density) with certain sample types (e.g. stored fruitor oranges). While the dual exposure approach yields excellent combinedspectra, both approaches provide useable combined spectra, which arenecessary for firmness and other parameter prediction and also improvedBrix accuracy.

[0099] Typically, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis isused during calibration to generate a regression vector that relates theVIS and NIR spectra to brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color andexternal and internal defects and disorders. This stored regressionvector is referred to as a prediction or calibration algorithm. Spectralpreprocessing routines are performed on the data prior to regressionanalysis to improve signal-to-noise (S/N), remove spectral effects thatare unrelated to the parameter of interest, e.g., baseline offsets andslope changes, and “normalize” the data by attempting to mathematicallycorrect for pathlength and scattering errors. A pre-processing routinetypically includes “binning”, e.g., averaging 5-10 detector channels toimprove S/N, boxcar or gaussian smoothing (to improve S/N) andcomputation of a derivative. The 2nd derivative is most often used,however, the 1st derivative can also be used and the use of the 4thderivative is also a possibility. For firmness prediction, data is oftenused after binning, smoothing and a baseline correction ornormalization; where no derivative is used. For Brix and other chemicalproperties, a 2nd-derivative transformation often is best.

[0100] Using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) classificationalgorithm, soft fruit and very firm fruit can be uniquely identifiedfrom moderately firm fruit. Also, under-ripe and ripe fruit can beseparated and spoiled, e.g., higher pH, or rotten fruit can beidentified for segregation. The NIR spectra of whole apples, and otherfruit, in the approximately 250-1150 nm region also show correlationwith pH and total acidity. The 250-699 nm wavelength region containscolor information, e.g., xanthophylls, yellow pigments, absorb in the250-499 nm region; anthocyanin, which is a red pigment, has anabsorption band spanning the 500-550 nm region, improves classificationor predictive performance, particularly for firmness. An example is theprediction of how red a cherry is by measuring and applying or comparingthe anthocyanin absorption at or near 520 nm to the pertinent predictiveor classification algorithm. Under-ripe oranges, having a green color,can be predicted by measurement of sample spectrum output 82 in thechlorophyll absorption region (green pigments) at or near 680 nm andapplying the measured output 82 spectrum to the pertinent predictivealgorithm. The spectrum output from the sample, in the 950-1150 nmregion has additional information about water, alcohols and acids, andprotein content. For example, sample water content relates to firmnessin most fruit with water loss occurring during storage. High pH fruit,often indicative of spoilage, can also be uniquely identified in thepresence of other apples using a classification algorithm.

[0101] The present disclosure is a non-destructive method and apparatusfor measuring the spectrum of scattered and absorbed light, particularlywithin the NIR range of 250-1150 nm, for the purpose of predicting, byuse of the applicable predictive algorithm, particular fruitcharacteristics including sugar content, firmness, density, pH, totalacidity, color and internal and external defects. These fruitcharacteristics are key parameters for determining maturity, e.g., whento pick, when to ship, when and how to store, and quality, e.g.,sweetness/sourness ratio and firmness or crispness for many fruits andvegetables. These characteristics are also indicators of consumer tastepreferences, expected shelf life, economic value and othercharacteristics. Internal disorders can also be detected, e.g., forTasmania Jonagold apples, including disorders such as water core, corerot, internal browning/breakdown, carbon dioxide damage, and, in somecases, insect damage/infestation. The disclosure simultaneously utilizes1): the visible absorption region (about 250-699 nm) that containsinformation about pigments and chlorophyll, 2) the wavelength portion ofthe short-wavelength NIR that has the greatest penetration depth inbiological tissue, especially the tissue of fruits and vegetables(700-925 nm), and 3) the region from 926-1150 nm, which containsinformation about moisture content and other O—H components such asalcohols and organic acids such as malic, citric, and tartaric acid.

[0102] Benchtop, handheld, portable and automated packing/sortingembodiments are disclosed. The benchtop embodiment will generally bedistinguished from the high speed packing/sorting embodiment through thegreater ease of examining the sample 30 with more than one intensitylight source 120, i.e., lamps 123 or light sources 120 controlled withmore than one voltage or power level or more than one exposure time. Abenchtop embodiment discussed herein utilizes a dual intensity lightsource 120, e.g., by utilizing dual voltages or dual exposure times orother methods of varying the intensity of the light source 120 used toilluminate the sample 30. Alternatively, the light detector 80 may beoperated to provide at least one exposure at one lamp 123 intensity and,for example, the light detector 80 may provide dual or a plurality ofexposures at 1 lamp intensity. The method of providing dual or aplurality of exposures at one lamp intensity is accomplished as follows:the light detector 80 exposure time is adjustable through basic computersoftware control. In the computer program, two spectrum of differentexposure times are collected for each sample 30. The benchtop methodmay, as preferred by the operator, involve direct physical contactbetween the sample surface 35 and the apparatus delivering the lightsource 120, e.g., at least one light detector 80 may penetrate thesample surface 35 into the sample interior. A high speed packing/sortingembodiment generally will be limited in the delivery or the exposure ofthe light source 120, relative to or at the sample surface 35, resultingfrom the limited time, usually a few milliseconds, the sample 30 will bein range of the light source 120. Multiple passes or arrangements ofmultiple light sources 120 and multiple light detectors 80, includingphotodetectors 255 and other light detection devices, will permit, inthe highspeed packing/sorting embodiment, the exposure of the sample tomultiple light source 120 intensities. The handheld embodiment generallywill allow sampling of a limited number of items by orchard operators,i.e., in inspection of fruit samples on the plant or tree, and fromproduce delivered for packing/sorting, to centralized grocerydistribution centers or individual grocery stores.

[0103] Obtaining data over the wavelength region of 250-1150 nm is onlypossible using a multi intensity or multi exposure measurement, i.e.,dual intensity or dual exposure as in the preferred embodiment. Whileone spectrometer can be used to cover the 500-1150 nm region, a secondspectrometer is necessary to cover the 250-499 nm region. The number ofdifferent light source intensity or exposures required is dependent onthe characteristics of the sample and of the detector 200. The spectrumacquired at longer detector 200 exposure times or higher light sourceintensity saturates the detector pixels, for some detectors, e.g., SonyILX 511, or Toshiba 1201, from ˜700-925 nm, yet yields excellent S/Ndata from ˜500-699 nm and from ˜926-1150 nm. The low intensity orshorter exposure time spectrum is optimized to provide good S/N datafrom 700-925 nm. Accurate firmness predictions of fresh and stored fruitrequires the 700-925 nm region and the 500-699 nm, e.g., pigment andchlorophyll, plus the 926-1150 nm region. Addition of the 250-499 nmregion, e.g., yellow pigments known as xanthophylls which absorb light,will improve prediction of firmness and other parameters such as Brix,acidity, pH, color and internal and external defects. There is highcorrelation between the spectrum output from the sample 30 in the926-1150 nm region with water content. Stored fruit appears to havehigher relative water content than fresh fruit and less lightscattering. The chlorophyll and pigment of a sample 30 is predicted bycorrelation with the sample spectrum output 82 in the 250-699 nm region,with this correlation likely being the most important for prediction offirmness of fresh fruit, while the longer wavelength water region may bemore important for accurate firmness measurement of stored fruit.

[0104] Just as in the longer NIR wavelength regions, the 700-925 nmregion also contains absorption bands from carbon-hydrogen,oxygen-hydrogen, and nitrogen-hydrogen bonds, e.g., (CH, OH, NH). In thecase where protein is key component of interest, the 926-1150 nm regionis of greatest interest. However, pre-sprout condition in grain, forexample, can be predicted by examination of the sample output spectrumin the 500-699 nm region.

[0105] The preferred embodiment of the apparatus is composed of at leastone light source 120, a sample holder 5 including, for example asorting/packing sample conveyor 295 and other devices and methods ofpositioning a sample 30, with at least one light detector 80, i.e.optical fiber light sensors in the preferred embodiment, detecting thesample spectrum output 82 to be received by a spectrum measuringinstrument such as a spectrometer 170 with a detector 200, e.g., a CCDarray, with the signal thus detected to be computer processed, by a CPU172 having memory, and compared with a stored calibration algorithm,i.e., stored in CPU 172 memory, producing a prediction of one or morecharacteristics of the sample. The at least one light source 120 and atleast one light detector 80 are positioned relative to the samplesurface 35 to permit detection of scattered and absorbed spectrumissuing from the sample. Bracket fixtures 275, brackets and otherrecognized positioning and affixing devices and methods will be employedto position light sources 120, light detectors 80 and sample holders 5.In the preferred embodiment the positioning of the light source 120 andlight sensor or light detector 80 will be such as to shield 84 the lightdetector 80 from direct exposure to the light source 120 and will limitthe light detector 80 to detection or exposure of light transmitted fromthe light source 120 through the sample 30. The light source 120 may befixed in a conical or other cup or shielding container which will allowdirect exposure of the light source 120 to the sample surface whileshielding the light source 120 from the light detector 80.Alternatively, the light detector 80 may be fixed in a shieldingcontainer, e.g., a shield 84 or ambient shield 262, thus shielding thelight detector 80 from the light source 80 and exposing the lightdetector 80 solely to the light spectrum transmitted through the sample30 from the light source 80 to the light detector 80. The spectrumdetected by the light detectors 80, i.e., the signal output 82, isdirected, as input, to at least one spectrometer 170 or other devicesensitive to and having the capability of receiving and measuring lightspectrum. In the preferred embodiment two or more spectrometers 170 areemployed. One spectrometer 170 monitors the sample channel, i.e., thelight detector 80 output 82, and another spectrometer 170 monitors thereference, i.e., light source 120 channel. If the lamp 123 is turned onand off between measurements, ambient light correction can be done forboth light detector 80 and light source 120 channel, e.g., spectrumcollected with no light is subtracted from spectrum collected whenlights are on and stabilized. Alternatively, the light source 120 can beleft on and ambient light can be physically eliminated using a shield 84or ambient shield 262, such as a lid or cover or appropriate light-tightbox. The discussion of shielding of the light detector 80 composed offiber optic fibers applies as well to photodetectors 255 and theutilization of light sources other than tungsten halogen lamps includingfor example light emitting diodes 257.

[0106] Another alternative with multiple sampling points and thusmultiple light detectors 80, as with fiber-optic sensors, is to convergeall or some sampling points, as depicted in FIG. 4, back to a singlesample or light detector 80 channel spectrometer 170, e.g., using abifurcated, trifurcated or other multiple fiber-optic spectrometer 170input. Multiple or a plurality of sample points, i.e., light detectors80, provides better coverage of a sample 30, e.g., sampling is morerepresentative of the sample 30 as a whole, or allows multiple points,e.g., on a conveyor belt full of product, to be measured by a singlespectrometer 170 thus providing an “average” spectrum that is used topredict an average property such as Brix for all sample 30 or lightdetector 80 channels.

[0107] In the preferred embodiment two or more spectrometers 170, or atleast two spectrometers 170 are used for reference and or measurement. Aspectrometer 170 used in gathering data for this invention utilizedgratings blazed at 750 nm to provide coverage from 500-1150 nm.Additionally, spectrometers 170 operating in the 250-499 nm wavelengthregion can be included to provide expanded coverage of the visibleregion where xanthophylls, e.g., yellow pigments, absorb light.Information in the output 82 spectrum detected from 1000-1100 nm alsocontains repeated information, if a cutoff or long-pass filter is notused, from 500-550 nm, e.g., regarding Anthocyanin, which is a redpigment, has an absorption band spanning the 500-550 nm region, whichimproves classification or predictive performance, particularly forfirmness.

[0108] The spectrometers 170 used in the preferred embodiment havecharge-coupled device (CCD) array detectors 200 with 2048 pixels orchannels, but other array detectors 200, other light detectors 80,including other detector 200 sizes vis-a-vis array size or other methodof detector size characterization, may be used as would be recognized byone of ordinary skill in the art. One of the two spectrometers 170monitors the light source 120 intensity and wavelength output directly,providing a light source reference signal 81 that corrects for ambientlight and lamp, detector, and electronics drift which are largely causedby temperature changes and lamp aging. The other spectrometer(s) 170receives the light detector 80 signal output 82 from one or more lightdetectors 80 which are sensing light output from one or more samples 30and/or one or more locations on a sample 30, e.g., at multiple pointsover a single sample 30, such as an apple, or at multiple points over asample conveyor 295 belt of apples, grapes or cherries, or a differentsample 30, e.g., a different lane on a packing/sorting line, can bemeasured with each additional spectrometer 170. Each light sensor, e.g.,light detector 80 (photodetector 255 or other light sensing apparatus ormethod), in the preferred embodiment represents a separate sample 30 ordifferent location on the same sample 30 or group of samples 30. Spectrafrom all spectrometers 170 are acquired, in the preferred embodiment,simultaneously. Depending on the type of spectrometer, A/D conversioncan occur in parallel or series for each spectrometer (parallelpreferred). The computer then processes the spectra and produces anoutput. Current single CPU computers process spectra in series. A dualCPU computer, two computers, or digital signal processing (DSP) hardwarecan perform spectral processing and provide output in parallel.

[0109] In an alternative embodiment spectra from the wavelength regionfrom about 250-1150 nm, the near-infrared spectra, is examined fromsamples 30, e.g., fruit including apples. In this particular experiment,a reflectance fiber-optic probe was used as the light detector 80. Whilethe spectrophotometer 170 used to collect the data, i.e., sense thespectrum output 82 from the light detector 80, was a DSquaredDevelopment, LaGrande, Ore., Model DPA 20, one of ordinary skill in theart will recognize that other spectrometers and spectrophotometers 170may be used. The spectrophotometer 170 referenced employed a five watttungsten halogen light source 120, a fiber-optics light sensor to detectthe spectrum or output 82 from the sample 30 and provide the lightsensor signal input 82 to the spectrometer 170. Other lamps 123 or lightsources 120 may be substituted as well as other light sensors or lightdetectors 80. The light detector signal input 82 to the spectrometer170, in this embodiment, is detected by a charge coupled device arraydetector 200. The output from the charge coupled device array detectoris processed as described above. Firmness and Brix were measured usingthe standard destructive procedures of Magness-Taylor firmness (“punchtest”) and refractometry, respectively. In this embodiment the NIRspectra is detected by an array detector 200 which permits recording ordetection of 1024 data points. The 1024 data points are smoothed using anine-point gaussian smooth, followed by a 2nd-derivative transformationusing a “gap” size of nine points. Partial least squares (PLS)regression was used to relate the 2nd-derivative NIR spectra to Brix andfirmness. To ensure that false correlation was not occurring, the methodof leave-one-out cross-validation was used to generate standard errorsof prediction. In cross-validation, the prediction model is constructedusing all but one sample; the Brix and firmness of the sample left outis then predicted and the process repeated until all samples have beenpredicted. The validated model can then be used to nondestructivelypredict Brix and firmness in unknown whole fruit samples. Thisinformation guides harvest decisions indicating time to harvest, whichfruit is suitable for cold storage, where the fruit is classified fromacceptable to unacceptable characteristics of quality or consumer taste,which fruit to be removed from the sorting/packing operation as notmeeting required characteristics, e.g., firmness, Brix, color and othercharacteristics.

[0110] This disclosure of embodiments of an apparatus and method isdirected to the simultaneous measurement and use of more than onespectral region from a sample. In this embodiment the use of thechlorophyll absorption region and the NIR region, including the highlyabsorbing 950-1150 O—H region, is accomplished by exposing the sample,e.g. apple, to more than one intensity source of light or by exposingthe light detector 80 at more than one exposure time, e.g., a dualintensity source of light or at least two intensities of light, or bydetecting light from a sample with more than one light detector 80 suchthat each light detector 80 is sensitive to a different spectrum, e.g.,by filtering one or more light detectors 80 with filtering eitherbetween the sample 30 and the light detector 80 or between the lightdetector 80 output 82 and the spectrometer 170 input. FIG. 1 illustratesfiltered light sources 120 allowing exposure of the sample 30 todifferent light intensities. FIG. 2 illustrated the use of more than onelight detector 80 where filtering between the sample 30 and lightdetector 80 allows detection of different spectral regions. Shown inFIG. 3A, where the light source is a plurality of discrete wavelengthLEDs 257, is an embodiment wherein the sample is exposed to a pluralityof light intensities. The intensity of the light source 120 will beselected to provide light output to the light detector 80 which willgive optimal S/N data in the desired spectral region. In a first pass alight source, e.g., a lower intensity light source, is used toilluminate the sample, e.g. apple, to obtain data, with an acceptableS/N ratio, in the 700-925 nm region. At higher (>925 nm) and lower (<700nm) wavelengths, the spectrum is dominated by noise due to the low lightlevels and is not useful. In a second pass a higher intensity lightsource is selected to illuminate the sample, saturating the detectorarray at the 700-925 nm regions while obtaining data with an acceptableS/N ratio, in the red pigment region of 500-600 nm, the chlorophyllregion of 600-699 nm and in the O—H region of 926-1000 nm. The data fromeach of the two passes comprises separate data inputs delivered to ananalog to digital converter for computer processing. Same spectrometerand A/D for benchtop unit, where the two spectra are acquiredsequentially. For on-line, two spectrometers are used, each with its ownA/D. In one embodiment A/D cards external to the computer are utilizedwhich are serial and are provided by Ocean Optics. This process isprovides for multiple channels into a data analyzer for analysis bysoftware. In this embodiment Ocean Optics drivers, hereafter referred toas drivers, accept MS “C” or Visual Basic to 1) determine the spectrumdetected from the sample or 2) subject the data to the predictivealgorithm and produce the output. Display control computer programs orsoftware periodically requests drivers to deliver the spectrums to becombined. The digital combination then produces, with standard displaysoftware, the output display representing the entire spectrum rangesdetected from the each sample. There may be, for each sample, multiplespectrum data. For example the spectrum sampling protocol may seek 50spectrum samples during each of the multiple passes, e.g., 50 spectrumsamples during the pass subjecting the fruit sample to the lowerintensity light source and separately 50 spectrum samples during thepass subjecting the fruit sample to the higher intensity light source.The total duration of each pass will be determined by the speed of thesorting/packing line and may be limited to approximately 5 ms persample. However, it will be recognized, for all embodiments and sampletypes, that other sampling times and strategies will be within the realmof use for the invention disclosed herein as different samples anddifferent embodiments are employed. Where the samples being processed,on a sorting/packing line, are apples, there is expected to be littlespace between each successive apple. Spectrum obtained from the spacebetween apples and at the leading and trailing sides of the sample orapple will be discarded. As the sample, i.e., apple or other fruit,moves under the light detector 80, the spectrum data detected will bethat exiting the sample 30 representative of the portion of the sample30 constituting the path between the point of exposure of the sample 30with the light source 120 and the point of spectrum exit for detectionby the light detector 80. By mathematical inspection of each spectrum,e.g., automated inspection via a computer, this method can determinewhether light detected by the light detector 80 is from an apple or theempty space between apples in a sorting/packing line sample conveyor295. This method can also detect the leading and trailing edges of anapple as it passes by the light detector 80 having an output 82 to aspectrometer 170. From this data, discrimination can occur to selectspecific spectra samples which, for example, are expected to be from themidsection of the sample or apple. Using mathematical inspection of eachspectrum (on-line) to determine if it is a good apple spectrum or aspectrum of the line material. The cycle detected by the light detector80 thus, for each sample 30 in the on the sample conveyor 295 of asorting/packing line, is composed of an initial segment where the lightdetector 80 or pickup fiber is exposed to only ambient light with alight shield 284 between the light detector 80 and the light source 120.As the sample 30, e.g., apple, moves into contact with and under thelight shield 284, which may for example be a curtain 285, the leadingedge or side of the apple will commence to be revealed permitting thelight detector 80 to detect spectrum output 82 from the apple. Continuedmovement of the sample 30 under the light shield 284 exposes the lightdetector 80 to spectrum output 82 from the sample 30 until the sample 30moves to the point where the trailing edge or side of the sample 30 isremaining exposed to the light source 120. The sample 30 then moves pastthe light shield 284 and all light from the light source 120 is blockedbetween the light detector 80 and the light source 120. Thus the initialspectra detected by the light detector 80 will be at the leading edge orside of the sample 30 as it approaches the curtain 285. The intermediatespectrum measurements, between the initial time at which the leadingedge of the sample 30 is exposed to the light source 120 and the timewhen the trailing edge or side of the sample 30 is exposed to the lightsource 120, will include those where the light detector 80 or lightpickup is optimally positioned to detect spectra most representative ofthe characteristics of the light spectra output 82 from the sample 30 asthe light source 120 illuminates the sample 30, e.g., apple, other fruitor other O—H, C—H or N—H materials. In the preferred embodiment, forease of data processing, the light detector 80 analog output 82 isconverted to digital data by an A/D card. Computer program or softwaretests the data for acceptance or discarding. The criteria for acceptanceof each spectrum sample 30 is a predetermined spectral featuredetermined by the expected spectral output 82 of the sample 30, e.g.,where the sample 30 is an apple, i.e., the criteria will be to detect aspectrum from 250 to 1150 nm falling within the spectra expected for anapple. The detection of the space between apples, in the sorting/packingline, will be recognized as not apples. This spectrum acquired for eachsample 30 is the input to the predictive algorithms as indicated by theflow diagram of FIG. 1C. Multiple spectrum, for example fifty spectrum,are detected by the light detector 80 for each sample. The computerprogram compares each detected discrete spectrum with an expectedspectrum from the particular sample, the spectrum not meeting thecriteria are discarded, the retained spectrum, e.g., 40-50 samples, arecombined to provide the spectrum which becomes the input for thepredictive algorithm. Multiple spectra from the same apple are averagedto provide a single average spectrum representing multiple points on theapple. the apple may be spinning as it travels by the sensor, e.g.,clockwise or counter clockwise in relation to the direction of sortingline travel with better measurement indicated with counterclockwisemotion of the sample, thus giving even greater coverage of its surface.Once the average absorbance spectrum for a sample is calculated, thespectrum is multiplied by the regression vector (via a vectormultiplication dot product). The regression vector is obtained fromprevious calibration efforts and is stored on the computer. There is aseparate regression vector for each parameter being predicted—e.g.,firmness, Brix. The results of the processing the spectrum output 82 bythe predictive algorithms will determine the predicted characteristicsof the sample 30. The characteristics determined for each discretesample 30, e.g., apple or other fruit, will be used for decision makingin handling or disposition of the sample 30 including, for example, 1)in the packing/sorting line different characteristics will be used forsorting and packing decisions, e.g., by color, size, firmness, taste aspredicted by acidity and Brix and 2) characteristics indicating spoilagemay trigger methods of elimination of the particular sample 30 from thepacking/sorting line.

[0111] Packing and sorting of apples will likely involve multiplepacking/sorting illumination or light source 120 and light detector 80 sfor each line. Where the sample 30 is comprised of smaller fruit, e.g.,cherries or grapes, there may be multiple light sensors with single ormultiple light to interrogate or examine and gather data from a tray ofsuch smaller fruit rather than on the basis of examination of eachdiscrete cherry or grape. For each sample 30, data is acquired, testedto determine if the data corresponds to preset criteria with dataselected which meets preset criteria and discarded if it fails to meetpreset criteria. Data received by light sensors is then combined tocompose the total spectrum sampled. The total spectrum is then comparedwith the predictive algorithm and decisions are made regarding thesample 30 including, for example, sorting/packing decisions. The resultsof the comparison of the total spectrum with the predictive algorithmprovides a number or other output for end use including information forcomputer directed sorting equipment.

[0112] Operation of the light source 120 is enables the rapidacquisition of reproducible data with good S/N, even in the highly lightscattering and absorbing 250-699 nm and the strongly absorbing >950 nmregion. The lamp 123 in the preferred embodiment is a 12-Volt, 75-Watttungsten halogen lamp. However, other light sources which may be usedinclude but are not limited to light emitting diode, laser diode,tunable diode laser, flash lamp and other such sources which willprovide equivalent light source and will be familiar to those practicedin the art. The lamp is held at a resting voltage of 2-Volts. When ameasurement is taken, the lamp is ramped up to the desired voltage, abrief delay allows the lamp output 82 to stabilize, then spectra areacquired. After data acquisition, the lamp is ramped down to the restingvoltage. This procedure extends lamp life and prevents burning thesample. In high speed operations the lamp may always be lighted, e.g.,on a high-speed packing/sorting line or used on harvest equipment, and alight “chopper” or shutter or other equivalent article or method couldbe utilized to deliver light to the passing sample for a determinedperiod of time. The operation of the light source is important inextending lamp life, reducing operating expense and reducing disruptionof operations. The lamp 123 voltage is ramped up and down to preservelamp 123 life and to lessen the likelihood of burning fruit. A standbyvoltage to keeps the lamp 123 filament warm. An ambient/room lightbackground measurement is made to correct for the dark spectrum, whichmay include ambient light. It is stored and subtracted from the sampleand reference (if applicable) so that there is no contribution ofambient light to the sample spectrum, which would affect accuracy. Dualintensity illumination is employed to: 1) improve data accuracy above925 nm and below 700 nm and 2) to normalize path length changes due toscattering. Dual exposure time increases the likelihood of increaseddata quality with large and small fruit. Utilization of more than onelight detector 80, with each positioned at different distances from thesample, will likewise increase the ability to obtain increased dataquality throughout each portion of the spectrum from approximately 250nm to 1150 nm.

[0113] Other steps in determining predictive algorithms includedreference determination of pH using electrode measurement and referencedetermination of total acidity using endpoint titration of extractedjuice. Correlation between the NIR spectra and the reference data (pHand total acidity) was conducted. Methods known to those practiced inthe art such as partial least squares (PLS) are used to determine thecorrelation of the NIR spectrum with a chosen parameter such as pH. Oncecorrelation is established, PLS is used to generate a regression vectorfrom the calibration samples. This regression vector is then used topredict sample properties by taking the dot product of the samplespectrum and regression vector. NIR analysis can be carried our directlyon the juice yielding very high correlations with Brix, pH, and totalacidity. A commercially available “dip probe” is used that is a commonitem available from optical fiber fabricators or from companies involvedin process analysis. In addition to the use of PLS for quantifying Brix,firmness, pH and acidity, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) wasperformed on the NIR spectral data. PCA differs from PLS in that noreference data is required. PCA allows classification of firm vs. softapples and low pH vs. high pH samples. This classification algorithm issufficient to achieve the goal of product segregation. Using PCA, poorquality fruit can be removed from a batch and the highest quality fruitcan be segregated into a premium class. Poor quality fruit was observedto often have a higher pH level than good quality fruit.

[0114]FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the disclosure andincludes at least one light source 120 transmitted by a transmittingarticle, for example a fiber optic fiber or other equivalent article fortransmitting light; a sample 30 having an sample surface 35; inputmechanism of positioning light from the at least one light source 120proximal the sample surface; at least one illumination detector; outputmechanism of positioning the at least one illumination detector proximalthe sample surface; the at least one light source 120 and the at leastone illumination detector may be positioned in relation to the surfaceor against the surface by a positioning article provided, for example,by a positioning article spring biased against the surface of thesample; the pressure against a sample surface, by an at least one lightsource 120 or an at least one illumination detector, will be limited bysurface characteristics of the sample and/or the character of themeasurement process, i.e., pressure may be reduced where a sample issubject to surface damage or where the measurement process is in at highspeed limiting the time permitted for each separate sample contact. Theillumination is transmitted to the surface, for example by fiber opticsor other equivalent manner; and at least one device or method ofmeasuring the illumination detected from the sample. The light source,for the disclosure herein may be a broadband lamp, which for example,but without limitation, may be a tungsten halogen lamp or theequivalent, which may produce a spectrum within the range 250-1150 nmand have a filament temperature of 2500 to 3500 degrees kelvin; otherbroadband spectrum lamps may be employed depending upon the sample 30,characteristics to be predicted, and embodiment utilized; the at leastone device or method of measuring the illumination may be a spectrometerhaving at least one input; the at least one spectrometer may include,for example, a 1024 linear array detector with those of ordinary skillin the art recognizing that other such detectors will provide equivalentdetection; the at least one illumination detector may be a light pickupfiber or other equivalent detector including for example a fiber opticslight pickup; the at least one illumination detector collects a spectrumwhich is received by the at least one spectrometer input; the sample inthis embodiment is from the chemical group of CH, NH, OH or the physicalcharacteristics of firmness, density, color and internal and externaldefects. Additionally, the light source 120 may comprises a plurality ofillumination fibers. In this embodiment a plurality of illuminationfibers may be arrayed such that each of the plurality of illuminationfibers is equidistant from adjacent illumination fibers; the at leastone illumination detector may, in this embodiment, be positionedcentrally in the array of illumination fibers. In an embodiment of thisdisclosure, the plurality of illumination fibers may, for example, becomprised of 32 illumination fibers and the light source 120 may beprovided, for example, by a 5 w tungsten halogen lamp or otherequivalent light source or by a plurality of illumination sourcesprovided for example by at least two light sources such as, for example,at least two 50 Watt light sources. Illumination sources maybe composed,for example, of sources having a focusing ellipsoidal reflector withcooling fan. In this embodiment the at least one illumination detectormay comprise a plurality of light detectors 80, which may for example,be arrayed such that each illumination detector is equidistant fromadjoining light detectors 80; where at least two light sources arepositioned are employed, they may for example be positioned 45 degreesrelative to the illumination detectors. in the array of illuminationfibers. In an additional embodiment of this disclosure, a plurality oflight detectors 80 may be comprised of twenty-two illuminationdetectors. An embodiment of the disclosure may be comprised of at leastone light source 120 composed of a 5 w tungsten halogen lamp; the atleast one illumination detector is a single detection fiber; the lightsource 120 is positioned against the sample 30 degrees distal to thedetection fiber. If the measurement of the sample surface is made in anon-contacting manner, an alternative embodiment may include apolarization filter between the light source 120 and the sample,provided, for example by a linear polarization filter or an equivalentas understood by one of ordinary skill in the art; a matchingpolarization filter is positioned between the at least one illuminationdetector and the sample, which may be provided, for example by a linearpolarization filter rotated 90 degrees in relation to the polarizationfilter between the light source 120 and the sample.

[0115] The method described above, which uses wavelengths of bothvisible radiation (250-699 nm) specifically chosen to include theabsorption band for yellow color pigments (250-499 nm), red colorpigments (500-600 nm) and green pigments or chlorophyll (601-699 nm), aswell as NIR (700-1150 nm) radiation to correlate with Brix, firmness,pH, acidity, density, color and internal and external defects can becarried out using a variety of apparatuses.

[0116] While a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure has beenshown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat many changes and modifications may be made without departing fromthe disclosure in its broader aspects. The appended claims are thereforeintended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within thetrue spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0117] New Matter Follows for CIP Copending from the Nonprovisionalparent application Ser. No. 09/524,329 entitled AN APPARATUS AND METHODFOR MEASURING AND CORRELATING CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUIT WITH VISIBLE/NEARINFRA-RED SPECTRUM to Ozanich as filed Mar. 13, 2000.

ADDITIONAL BRIEF DESCRIPITON OF THE DRAWINGS

[0118]FIG. 9 is an elevation depicting an additional embodiment of theinvention demonstrating at least one light detector 80 having an output82 to a spectrometer 170 having a detector 200. A colluminating lens 78is intermediate the at least one detector 80 and a sample 30. Thedetector 80 positioned to detect light from the sample 30. Light source120 lamps 123; a case 250 intermediate the light source 120 lamp 123 anda sample 30 conveyed by sample conveyor 295. An aperture 310 allowsillumination of the sample 30 by the at light source 120 lamp 123. Aleast light shutter 300 intermediate the light source 120 lamp 123 andaperture 310. The light shutter 300 operable by shutter operating means.The shutter control means 305 receiving control signals from a CPU 172having shutter operating control output 307. A reference lighttransmitting means 81 including fiber-optics receiving reference lightoutput from the light source 120 lamp 123. A reference light shutter 301intermediate the light source 120 lamp 123 and the reference lighttransmitting means 81. The reference light shutter 301 operable byshutter control means 305. The reference light shutter 301 shuttercontrol means 305 receiving control signals from a CPU 172 having ashutter operating control output 307. The reference light transmittingmeans 81 providing an input to the spectrometer 170. The CPU 172providing lamp power output 125 to the light source 120 lamp 123. Thespectrometer 170, receiving input from reference light transmittingmeans 81 having output 82 received as in input to the CPU 172. Thespectrometer output 82 capable of A/D conversion to form input to theCPU 172. The spectrometer 170, receiving input from detector output 82received as in input to the CPU 172. Mounting means indicated asdescribed in other figures to light sources 120 lamps 123, detectors 80,shutters 300, shutter control means 305, reference light transmittingmeans 81 and case 250. Encoder/pulse generator 330 input to CPU 172providing sample conveyor 295 movement data. Computer program to operateCPU 172 in data collection and control functions.

[0119]FIG. 10 illustrates using spectroscopic sensors for measuringfruits and vegetables while in motion on a sample conveyor 295. Shown isa sample 30 with proximity sensing means 340. Demonstrated is the sampleconveyor 295, a case 250, collumating lens 78.

[0120]FIG. 10A is a section from FIG. 10 illustrating the proximitysensing means 340 in the form of reflectance means.

[0121]FIG. 11 illustrates the manner of taking a reference measurementof the light source 120 lamp(s) 123 where intensity vs. wavelengthoutput can also be obtained using reflecting means 360. Reflecting means360 may be inserted via an aperture 310, for example in a case 250, whena reference measurement is to be made as dictated by reflecting controlmeans 308 as an output from a CPU 172. The CPU 172, via means, willdetect the presence or absence of a sample 30 and, when a sample 30 isabsent for “n” time increments or sample conveyor 295 movements willprovide a reflecting control means 308 control signal to reflectingposition means 306, e.g., linear actuator or rotary solenoid operated bymeans, e.g., mechanical driven by electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic orother power means.

[0122]FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate the mechanical insertion of referencemeans 430 in or near the location where actual sample 30 is normallymeasured. Insertion is by insertion means including but not limited toan actuator system 400.

[0123]FIGS. 14 and 14A illustrate a means of reducing the width ofapparatus structure by mounting light source 120 lamps 123 distal from asample 30 with spectrum from the sample 30 directed by reflecting means360 and lens 78 or reference light transmission means 320 with spectrareceived via apertures 310.

[0124]FIGS. 15 and 15A illustrates spectra detection from sample 30other than discrete increments, such as apples, including, for examplepotato chips, where light source 120 lamps 123 illuminate the sample(s)30 with detectors 80 receiving input with light detector output 82conveyed as input to spectrometers 170 detectors 200. In thisillustration a lens 130 is depicted between the sample 30 and thedetector 80. Illustrations 15 and 15A depict in detail, with filter 130and mounting means, a single detector 80.

[0125] A CPU 172, controlled by computer program, is not depicted inFIGS. 10, 10A, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14A, 15 or 15A as a person of ordinaryskill will appreciate such structure from viewing other drawingspresented herein.

ADDITIONAL DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0126] Overview of calibration of visible/NIR sensors:

[0127] Required calibration was addressed in the Parent application Ser.No. 09/524,329, in paragraphs, identified by page/line by pn/ln, asfollows: 1/18; 3/17, 22, 28; 4/2; 8/8; 9/4; 9/14; 12/16; 16/8; 22/5;31/21; 33/19; 39/10; 43/4; 47/1; 52/13 etc. Calibration of spectroscopicmaturity and quality sensors involves building algorithms that relatethe visible and near infrared spectrum of an individual fruit orvegetable to one or more of the following: Brix (including, but notlimited to sugar content, or sweetness, or soluble solids content);acidity (including but not limited to total acidity, or sourness, ormalic acid content or citric acid content or tartaric acid content); pH;firmness (including but not limited to crispness or hardness); internaldisorders or defects including but not limited to watercore, browning,core rot, insect infestation. Furthermore, the individual property datacollected above can be combined as follows: using the ratio of the sugarcontent to acid content to better predict eating quality, taste,sweet/sour ratio; using the combined data from two or more of thefollowing: sugar content, acid content, pH, firmness, color, externaland internal disorders to better predict eating quality.

[0128] Integrating visible/NIR sensors with packing, sorting andconveyance systems and synchronizing data acquisition with productlocation/position to optimize collection of sample data, and referenceand standardization data.

[0129] Sensing sample data including the presence or absence of a samplewas addressed in the parent in paragraphs, identified by page/line bypn/ln, as follows: 20/20; 36/8 etc. Using spectroscopic sensors formeasuring fruits and vegetables while in motion on a sample conveyor 295system in sorting and packing warehouses is illustrated in FIG. 10 andFIG. 10A and is done as follows: The presence or absence of a sample 30and the position/location of the sample 30 relative to the point ofspectrum measurement is determined using one or more of the followingmeans: 1) sample 30 position determination means and or sample conveyor295 position determination means, provided for example by an encoder orpulse generator 330, as seen in FIG. 9, integral to the sample conveyor295 and detecting sample conveyor 295 movement, provides one or moreelectronic or digital signals to a CPU 172 which initiates, by computerprogram control, control signals to initiate and stop acquisition ofspectra, 2) the spectrum itself is automatically inspected usingcomputer programs or programmed hardware, e.g., digital signalprocessors, to determine if the sample 30 being measured is at theoptimal location(s) for spectrum measurement, 3) a proximity sensingmeans 340, including proximity sensors of, but not limited to, magnetic,inductance, optical, mechanical sensors; and also known as objectpresence sensors, such as thru-beam or reflectance sensors 341, is usedto provide information about the position, i.e., orientation or locationof the product on the packing or sorting line relative to the NIRsensor, e.g., light detector 80, and/or size of the sample 30, suchproximity sensing means 340 and their use being of common knowledge tothose practiced in the art of industrial processing object presencesensing. The proximity sensing means 340 can be placed 1, 2, 3 or . . .n units of length, e.g., cups or pockets or conveyor belt length, beforethe NIR sensor, e.g., detector 80, to indicate if 1, 2, or 3 or . . . nmore empty spaces, e.g., cups or pockets or a defined and known lengthof conveyor belt, are present in sequence, thus allowing a greateramount of time for performing dark spectra and/or reference spectraand/or standard/calibration samples. Using one or more of the abovemethods, the presence or absence of sample(s) 30 is determined over adefined length of the particular sample conveyor 295 system. Ifsample(s) 30 is present, multiple visible and near-infrared spectra areacquired as the sample 30 passes by the light source 120 lamp(s) 123providing light detector output 82 and spectrometer(s) 170 detector 200input; such light collection may be achieved using a collimating lens 78and or other light transmission means including for example fiber-opticsto transfer the light that has interacted with the sample 30 to thespectrometer(s) 170 detectors 200. If no sample 30 is present, otherreference measurements are made to improve stability and accuracy suchas previously mentioned dark spectra, reference spectra (lamp intensityand color output), and standard/calibration samples, which may beoptical filters or polymers or organic material with known andrepeatable spectral characteristics. Measurements that are made when nosample is present include, but are not limited to 1) measuring areference spectrum (intensity vs. wavelength) of the light source(s), 2)measuring the dark current (no light conditions) of one or morespectrometer(s) 170 detector(s) 200, including but not limited to thesample spectrometer(s) 170 and the reference spectrometer(s) 170, and 3)standard or calibration samples or filters 130 or material.

[0130] Obtaining a spectrum of the lamp(s) for determining referencelight output and obtaining baseline dark current spectra fromdetector(s). Both reference and dark spectra are used with samplespectrum to calculate the product's absorbance spectrum.

[0131] Reference to reference, baseline and dark spectra was addressedin the parent in paragraphs, identified by page/line by pn/ln, asfollows: 12/18; 39/10; 52/14 etc. The reference measurements to accountfor changes in light source intensity or color output can be obtainedusing a reference light transmission means 320, e.g., a fiber-opticbundle which may be furcated, a light pipe or other means oftransmitting light, with a common end 322 providing input to a referencespectrometer 170, and, where furcated, one or more branched ends 81,each of which is mounted by means to allow only light from the lightsource 120 lamp(s) 123 to enter the reference light transmission means320. A light shutter 300 is placed between each light source 120 lamp123 and each reference light transmission means 320. The at least onelight shutter 300 can be opened and closed separately by shutter controlmeans 305 including, for example, driven by a linear actuator or rotarysolenoid or other mechanical or pneumatic device, or all at once.

[0132] Each light source 120 lamp 123 in the system can be measuredseparately to determine if it is faulty or if it will soon needreplacement based on a stored intensity vs. wavelength spectrum profile.The combined intensities from the reference light transmission means 320is used as the reference spectrum for purposes of calculating anabsorbance (or log 1/R) spectrum, which is linear with concentration(e.g., percent Brix or acidity or pounds of firmness, etc.).

[0133] Closing all of the light shutters 330 of the reference lighttransmission means 320 allow a dark current (no light condition)measurement of the spectrometer 170 detector(s) 200. The dark current islargely affected by temperature and must be periodically measured andits intensity value at each wavelength (or detector) pixel subtractedfrom the reference spectrum obtained with the shutters 330 open.

[0134] The sample spectrometer's 170 detector 200 dark current must alsobe periodically measured by closing light shutters 330 that are placedbetween the light source and the sample 30, or between the sample 30 andthe sample spectrometer light collection fiber, seen here as detector 80and detector output 82, or between the light collection fiber and thespectrometer 170. Similarly to the reference measurement, the darkcurrent of the sample spectrometer 170 must be subtracted from thesample spectrum obtained with the shutters 330 open. It will beappreciated that reference measurement must be made with respect to thespectrometer 170 used for light source 120 lamp 123 measurement as wellas for the spectrometers 170 used to acquire detector 80 spectrum output82 as processed in the computer program controlled CPU 172 inassociation with algorithms for the characterization of samples 30.

[0135] The reference measurement, utilizing a shutter means, isdemonstrated in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is an elevation depicting an additionalembodiment of the invention demonstrating at least one light detector 80having at least one output 82 to at least one spectrometer 170 having atleast one detector 200. At least one colluminating lens 78 intermediatethe at least one light detector 80 and a sample 30. The at least onelight detector 80 positioned to detect light from the sample 30. Atleast one light source 120 lamp 123; a shielding means intermediate theat least one light source 120 lamp 123 and a sample 30 conveyed bysample conveyor 295. At least one aperture 310 in the shielding means toallow illumination of the sample 30 by the at least one light source 120lamp 123. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in theinstrument containment arts that an instrument case or container will bea means of mounting the elements of the disclosed invention in all itsembodiments. It will be appreciated that a case 250 may provideshielding and mounting means for the invention. At least one lightinterruption means intermediate the at least one light source 120 lamp123 and the at least one aperture 310. Light interruption meansprovided, for example, by light shutter 300 means. The at least onelight shutter 300 operable by at least one shutter control means 305,e.g., linear actuator or rotary solenoid operated by means, e.g.,mechanical driven by electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other powermeans or other shutter means including for example liquid crystal screenoperated by means. The at least one shutter control means 305 receivingcontrol signals from at least one CPU 172 having at least one shutteroperating control output 307. At least one reference light transmittingmeans 81 including, for example, fiber-optics including bifurcatedfiber-optics, receiving reference light output from the at least onelight source 120 lamp 123. At least one reference light interruptionmeans, comprised for example of shutter 301, intermediate the at leastone light source 120 lamp 123 and the at least one reference lighttransmitting means 81. The at least one reference light shutter 301operable by at least one shutter control means 305, e.g., linearactuator or rotary solenoid operated by means, e.g., mechanical drivenby electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other power means or othershutter means including for example liquid crystal screen operated bymeans. The at least one reference light shutter 301 shutter controlmeans 305 receiving control signals from at least one CPU 172 having atleast one shutter operating control output 307. The at least onereference light transmitting means 81 providing an input to the at leastone spectrometer 170 detector 200. The at least one CPU 172 providing atleast one lamp power output 125 to the at least one light source 120lamp 123. The at least one spectrometer 170, receiving input from atleast one reference light transmitting means 81 having at least oneoutput 82 received as in input to the at least one CPU 172. Thespectrometer output 82 capable of A/D conversion to form input to the atleast one CPU 172. The at least one spectrometer 170, receiving inputfrom at least one detector output 82 received as in input to the atleast one CPU 172. The spectrometer output 82 capable of A/D conversionto form input to the at least one CPU 172. Mounting means to lightsources 120 lamps 123, detectors 80, shutters 300, shutter control means305, reference light transmitting means 81 and case 250. Encoder/pulsegenerator 330 input to CPU 172 providing sample conveyor 295 movementdata. Computer program to operate CPU 172 in data collection and controlfunctions.

[0136] A reference measurement of the light source 120 lamp(s) 123intensity vs. wavelength output can also be obtained using reflectingmeans 360, as seen in FIG. 11, including but not limited to, forexample, mirrors or other reflecting or diffusing material, includingroughened aluminum, gold, Spectralon®, Teflon, ground glass, steel.Reflecting means 360 will be positioned to reflect light source 120 lamp123 light to a detector 80 having an output 82 received by aspectrometer 170 detector 200. A colluminating lens 78 may be positionedintermediate the detector 80 and the light reflected by the reflectingmeans 360. Reflecting means 360 may be positioned, e.g., inserted via anaperture 310, for example where a case 250 is utilized, when a referencemeasurement is to be made as dictated by reflecting control means 308 asan output from a CPU 172. The CPU 172, via means, will detect thepresence or absence of a sample 30 and, when a sample 30 is absent for“n” time increments or sample conveyor 295 movements will provide areflecting control means 308 control signal to reflecting position means306, e.g., linear actuator or rotary solenoid operated by means, e.g.,mechanical driven by electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other powermeans. The reflecting means 360 capable of being withdrawn as dictatedby reflecting control means 308 as an output from the CPU 172 whenreference measurement is to be ceased and spectra measurement of asample 30 resumed.

[0137] A light reflecting or diffusing body for obtaining the referencespectrum may also be obtained by mechanical insertion of reference means430, as seen in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, in or near the location whereactual sample 30 is normally measured, which is between the light source120 lamp(s) 123 and reference light transmission means 320 leading tothe sample spectrometer 170 detector 200(s). Insertion is by insertionmeans including but not limited to an actuator system 400 capable, uponreceiving control signals or means as recognized by those of ordinaryskill including control signals or means provided from a CPU 172, ofoperation of an actuator 410 causing a piston 420 to extend 421 andretract 422 as seen in FIGS. 12 and 13. Power, including for exampleelectrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and other means, is provided to operatethe actuator by power transmission means 440 as will be appreciated bythose of ordinary skill.

[0138] A CPU 172, controlled by computer program, is not depicted inFIG. 10, 10A, 11, 12 or 13 as a person of ordinary skill will appreciatesuch structure from viewing other drawings presented herein.

[0139] Achieving whole product measurement (minimizing errors due tolocalized measurement).

[0140] To improve the measurement of the entire product, two or morelight sources 120 lamps 123 and/or detection 80 points are used. Theproduct can be measured rolling or not rolling with a rollingmeasurement generally improving whole product measurement, while anon-rolling measurement provides better accuracy and introduces lessspectral noise due to movement.

[0141] As a single fruit or vegetable sample 30 passes by the point ofspectrum acquisition, multiple spectra are acquired, each spectrumrepresenting a different measurement location or area on the product.

[0142] Optimizing signal-to-noise and accuracy with small and large sizeproduct.

[0143] One or more means may be used to determine the size or weight ofthe individual fruit or vegetable sample 30. Means for determiningproduct size includes, but is not limited to 1) a separately determinedweight or mass using sensors common to the industry, 2) utilizing thecolor sorter or defect sorter data (e.g., from camera or CCD images), 3)utilizing other size sensors based on magnetic, inductive, lightreflectance or multiple light beam curtains, common to other industries.The relative size of the sample 30 can then be used to adjust thehardware spectrum acquisition parameters or the amount of light (byvarying the aperture 310 size) to provide an improved signal-to-noiseratio spectrum for large samples 30 and/or to prevent detector 80saturation by light for small product sample 30, e.g., detector 80exposure or integration time can be set for longer time periods forlarge product samples 30 and for shorter time periods for small product.

[0144] Improving accuracy by inspection of multiple individual spectracollected from a single product and removing poor quality or “outlier”spectra. Then, calculating the absorbance spectrum from the raw datacollected for dark, reference and sample.

[0145] Each individual spectrum from the series of spectra acquired foreach individual product sample 30 are then inspected by a computerprogram or programmed hardware. Poor quality spectra are deleted fromthis batch of spectra and the remaining spectra are used for constituentor property prediction. The retained spectra of the product are combinedwith the appropriate reference and dark current measurements to producean absorbance spectrum as follows:

[0146] Absorbance Spectrum=−log 10[(sample intensity spectrum−sampledark current spectrum)/(reference intensity spectrum−reference darkcurrent spectrum)] i.e. the absorbance spectrum is equal to the negativelogarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the dark current corrected samplespectrum to the dark current corrected reference spectrum.

[0147] All of the absorbance spectra for each product sample 30 can thenbe combined to produce a mean or average absorbance spectrum of theproduct sample. This average absorbance spectra can then be used tocompute the component or property of interest based on a previouslystored calibration algorithm. Alternatively, each absorbance spectrumcan be used individually with a previously stored calibration algorithmto compute multiple results of the component or property of interest foran individual product, followed by determination of the average or meancomponent or property value computed by summing all of the values anddividing the resultant sum by the number of absorbance spectra used.

[0148] Method for measuring samples and importance of linking locationon product where visible/NIR data was collected with the same locationthat will be measured by the laboratory reference technique.

[0149] Calibration is performed as follows: 1) Spectra of product sample30 are measured and absorbance spectra (corrected for reference and darkcurrent) are stored, 2) Standard laboratory measurements (which areoften destructive) are made on the product sample 30. Note: it isimportant to the success of the NIR method that the portion of thesample 30 that is interrogated between the light source(s) 120 lamps 123and light collection(s) detectors, e.g., light detectors 80, leading tothe spectrometer(s) 170 detectors 200 is the same as that portionmeasured by the standard laboratory technique.

[0150] For many sample conveyors 295 that are used for whole fruit andvegetable sorting and packing operations, the product can be transportedpast the NIR measurement location rolling or not rolling. If absorbancespectra are collected from the product as it is rolling, the exactlocation of any one measurement (one spectrum) is not usually known, andtherefore the entire product (as opposed to one localized spot) must beanalyzed for the component or property of interest. If calibrationalgorithms are constructed in this way (using measurements of rollingproduct), all of the retained spectra for that individual product areaveraged to produce an average absorbance spectrum and the total productcomponent or property is assigned to this one absorbance spectrum.

[0151] Because most fruits and vegetable are heterogeneous and vary incomponent level with location, it is preferable to develop a calibrationmodel on product sample 30 that is not rolling so that each acquiredspectrum is from a known physical location on the product sample 30.Then, laboratory measurements are made on the same portion of productsample 30 that spectra were taken from. When this procedure is used, awhole fruit or vegetable sample 30 may be separated, e.g., cut orsliced, into smaller sub-portions prior to laboratory analysis. Thesesmaller sub-portions each correspond to NIR data collected over the samelocations within the product sample 30; the time period of NIR dataacquisition can be adjusted to shorter or longer times, corresponding tothe measurement of smaller or larger product samples 30, respectively.In this case, each sub-portion of the product sample 30 will have one ormore spectra associated with that particular location. The laboratorydetermined component or property is then assigned to each spectrum orspectra from that particular location.

[0152] Mathematical processing is performed on absorbance spectra priorto conducting statistical correlation analysis and calibration modelbuilding.

[0153] Absorbance spectra are pre-processed using a bin and smoothfunction. Partial least squares analysis (or variants thereof such aspiecewise direct standardization) are then used to relate the processedabsorbance spectrum to the assigned component and property values suchas Brix, acidity, pH, firmness, color, internal or external disorderseverity and type, and eating quality.

[0154] Method to minimize the number of samples needed to develop acalibration model.

[0155] To minimize the number of calibration samples that are necessary,the following method can be used: 1) spectra are collected on all testsamples 30, 2) prior to destructive laboratory measurements, principalcomponents analysis (PCA) is performed on the absorbance spectra, 3)Resultant Score plots from PCA (e.g., Score 1 vs. Score 2, Score 3 vs.Score 4, etc.) are then generated, 4) A subset of the original samples(e.g., 40% of the original number of samples) are selected from theScore plots in either a random fashion or by selecting samples that, asa group, yield a similar range, mean and standard deviation of scorevalues compared to the entire group of original samples 30.

[0156] Calibration updates are periodically required to maintainmeasurement accuracy, particularly with agricultural product samples 30that can vary in composition with growing conditions and variety.Several methods can be used to minimize the efforts of calibrationupdates. As fruit or vegetable samples 30 are analyzed in a packing andsorting warehouse, their visible/near infrared spectra can be examinedby software to determine if the sample qualifies as a potentialcalibration update sample 30. Good calibration update samples 30 willcover low to high component values and will have Score values that coverthe same range as the original sample's 30 Score values.

I claim:
 1. A method of determining characteristics of samplescomprising: A. building algorithms of the relationship between samplecharacteristics and absorbed and scattered light from a sample having aninterior; B. illuminating the interior of a sample with a frequencyspectrum; C. detecting the spectrum of absorbed and scattered light fromthe sample; D. calculating the characteristics of the sample.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: A. building the algorithms togenerate a regression vector that relates the VIS and NIR spectra tobrix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color and external and internaldefects and disorders; B. storing the regression vector, in a CPU havinga memory, as a prediction or classification calibration algorithm; C.illuminating the sample interior with a spectrum of 250 to 1150 nm; D.inputting the detected spectrum of absorbed and scattered light from thesample interior to a spectrometer; E. converting the detected spectrumfrom analog to digital and inputting the converted spectrum to a CPU;combining the spectrum detected; F. comparing the combined spectrum witha stored calibration algorithm; G. predicting the characteristics of thesample.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: A. thecharacteristics are chemical characteristics including acidity, pH andsugar content
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: A. thecharacteristics are physical characteristics including firmness,density, color, appearance and internal and external defects anddisorders.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: A. thecharacteristics are consumer characteristics.
 6. The method of claim 1further comprising: A. sampling is of samples from the group of C—H, N—Hor O—H chemical groups; B. illuminating of the interior of the sample iswith a frequency spectrum including visible and near infrared light; C.building algorithms for the correlation analysis separately of Brix,firmness, ph and acidity in relation to the light spectrum output fromthe illuminated sample; D. detecting the spectrum of absorbed andscattered light from the sample with a light detector.
 7. The method ofclaim 2 further comprising: A. illuminating of the interior of thesample with a frequency spectrum of 250 to 1150 nm; B. shielding thelight detector fiber from the illuminating spectrum; C. measuring thespectrum for chlorophyl at around 680 nm; D. correlating thecharacteristics of Brix, firmness, pH and acidity with the measuredspectrum.
 8. An apparatus performing the method of claim 1 comprising:A. at least one light source; a sample having an sample surface and aninterior; input mechanism of positioning the at least one light sourceproximal the sample surface; B. at least one light detector; outputmechanism of positioning the at least one light detector proximal thesample surface; C. at least one mechanism of measuring the illuminationdetected from the sample.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7 furthercomprising: A. the at least one illumination source produces a spectrumwithin the range of 250 to 1150 nm; B. the at least one mechanism ofmeasuring the illumination is a spectrometer; the spectrometer has atleast one input; C. the at least one light detector is a light pickupfiber; the at least one light detector collects a spectrum which isreceived by the at least one spectrometer input; the spectrometer has atleast one spectrometer output channel; a CPU having at least one CPUinput; the at least one CPU input receiving the at least onespectrometer output; at least one computer program; the CPU iscontrolled by the at least one computer program; the CPU having at leastone CPU output; the at least one computer program causing the at leastone CPU output to perform the steps of 1) calculation of absorbancespectra 173 occurs for each at least one spectrometer output channel 1 .. . n, 2) combine absorbance spectra 174 into a single spectrumencompassing the entire wavelength range detected from the sample byspectrometers 1 . . . n 170, 3) mathematical preprocessing or preprocess175, e.g., smoothing or box car smooth or calculate derivatives,precedes 4) the prediction or predict 176, for each at least onespectrometer output channel, comparing the preprocessed combined spectra175 with at least one stored calibration spectrum or at least onecalibration algorithm(s) 177 for each sample characteristic 1 . . . x178, e.g., brix, firmness, acidity, density, pH, color and external andinternal defects and disorders, for which the sample is examined,followed by 5) decisions or further combinations and comparisons of theresults of quantification of each characteristic, 1 . . . x, e.g.,determination of internal and or external defects of disorders 179, 180;determination of color 181; determination of indexes such as eatingquality index 182, appearance quality index 183 and concluding withsorting or other decisions 184; 6) sorting or other decisions 184 may beinput process controllers to control packing/sorting lines or maydetermine the time to harvest, time to remove from cold storage, andtime to ship; D. the sample is from the chemical group of C—H, N—O, andO—H. 9A. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising: A. the at leastone spectrometer output are converted from analog to digital by at leastone A/D converter which become, for each at least one spectrometeroutput channel, input to at least one CPU input; the at least one CPUoutput provided for each at least one spectrometer output channel 1 . .. n.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising: A. the least oneillumination source is a is a tungsten halogen lamp; the illumination istransmitted to the sample surface by fiber optics; B. the at least onelight detector is a fiber optics light pickup; C. the at least onespectrometer comprises a 1026 linear array detector;
 11. The apparatusof claim 9 further comprising: A. the at least one illumination sourceis an illumination fiber.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10 furthercomprising: A. the at least one illumination source comprises aplurality of illumination fibers; B. the plurality of illuminationfibers are arrayed such that each illumination fiber is equidistant fromadjoining illumination fibers; the at least one light detector ispositioned centrally in the array of illumination fibers.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 11 further comprising: A. the plurality ofillumination fibers are comprised of 32 illumination fibers.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 11 further comprising: A. the illumination source isa 5 w tungsten halogen lamp.
 15. The apparatus of claim 11 furthercomprising: A. the plurality of illumination sources is comprised of two50 w light sources; B. the at least one light detector is comprised of aplurality of light detectors.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14 furthercomprising: A. the plurality of light detectors are arrayed such thateach light detector is equidistant from adjoining light detectors. 17.The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising: A. the plurality of lightdetectors comprise twenty-two light detectors.
 18. The apparatus ofclaim 11 further comprising: A. the illumination source comprised of anellipsoidal reflector with having a 50 w bulb with cooling fan; theplurality of illumination fibers is comprised of at least one fiberoptic fiber for transmission of the light source to the sample surface.B. the at least one fiber optic and the at least one light detectorspring biased against the sample surface; the pressure exerted by thespring biasing limited by the character of the sample.
 19. The apparatusof claim 10 further comprising: A. the at least one illumination sourceis a 5 w tungsten halogen lamp; the at least one light detector is asingle fiber optic fiber; the illumination source is positioned againstthe sample surface 180 degrees distal to the detection fiber.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 11 further comprising: A. a polarization filter ispositioned between the at least one illumination source and the sample;B. a matching polarization filter is positioned between the at least onelight detector and the sample.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19 furthercomprising: A. the polarization filter is a linear polarization filter;the matching polarization filter is a linear polarization filter rotated90 degrees in relation to the polarization filter.
 22. An apparatusperforming the method of claim 1 comprising: A. at least one lightsource; a sample having an sample surface and an interior; inputmechanism of positioning the at least one light source proximal thesample surface; at least one shutter intermediate the at least one lightsource and the sample; the at least one light source having a lampoutput; B. at least one light detector; output mechanism of positioningthe at least one light detector proximal the sample surface; at leastone collimating lens intermediate the at least one light detector andthe sample surface; at least one mechanism of measuring the illuminationdetected from the sample surface; C. at least one reference lightdetector directed to the lamp output; at least one shutter intermediatethe at least one reference light detector and the at least one lampoutput; at least one mechanism of measuring the illumination detectedfrom the lamp output.
 23. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A.using the predicted characteristics of the sample in combination asfollows: using the ratio of the sugar content to acid content to betterpredict eating quality, taste, sweet/sour ratio; using the combined datafrom two or more of the following: sugar content, acid content, pH,firmness, color, external and internal disorders to better predicteating quality.
 24. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A. sensingsample data including sensing by sample presence sensing means thepresence or absence of a sample conveyed on a sample conveyor while inmotion; sensing by sample position sensing means the position/locationof the sample 30 relative to the point of spectrum measurement; presencesensing means and position sensing means having outputs to a computerprogram controlled CPU; the computer grogram controlled CPU determiningif the sample 30 being measured is at the optimal location(s) forspectrum measurement; the computer program controlled CPU determining ifa sample is present. 24A. The method of claim 24 further comprising: A.presence sensing means is a proximity sensing means. 24B. The method ofclaim 24A further comprising: A. position sensing means is an encoder orpulse generator 330 detecting sample conveyor 295 movement and providingone or more electronic or digital signals to a CPU 172 which initiates,by computer program control, control signals to initiate and stopacquisition of spectra. 24C. The method of claim 24B further comprising:A. determining by computer program controlled CPU timing for performingreference testing of light source lamp, spectrometer performing ofreference testing of light source lamps and of spectrometer receivingspectra input from detectors. 24D. The method of claim 24C furthercomprising: A. testing of reference including measurement of darkspectra and/or reference spectra and/or standard/calibration samples.24E. The method of claim 24D further comprising: A. light source lamplight collection achieved using a collimating lens 78 and or other lighttransmission means including for example fiber-optics to transfer thelight that has interacted with the sample 30 to the spectrometer(s) 170detectors
 200. If no sample 30 is present, other reference measurementsare made to improve stability and accuracy such as previously mentioneddark spectra, reference spectra (lamp intensity and color output), andstandard/calibration samples, which may be optical filters or polymersor organic material with known and repeatable spectral characteristics.Measurements that are made when no sample is present include, but arenot limited to 1) measuring a reference spectrum (intensity vs.wavelength) of the light source(s), 2) measuring the dark current (nolight conditions) of one or more spectrometer(s) 170 detector(s) 200,including but not limited to the sample spectrometer(s) 170 and thereference spectrometer(s) 170, and 3) standard or calibration samples orfilters 130 or material.
 25. The apparatus of claim 8 furthercomprising: A. sample presence sensing means for sensing of the presenceor absence of a sample conveyed on a sample conveyor while in motion;sample position sensing means of the position/location of the sample 30relative to the point of spectrum measurement; presence sensing meansand position sensing means having outputs to a computer programcontrolled CPU; the computer grogram controlled CPU determining if thesample 30 being measured is at the optimal location(s) for spectrummeasurement; the computer program controlled CPU determining if a sampleis present. 25A. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising: A.presence sensing means is a proximity sensing means. 25B. The apparatusof claim 25A further comprising: A. position sensing means is an encoderor pulse generator 330 detecting sample conveyor 295 movement andproviding one or more electronic or digital signals to a CPU 172 whichinitiates, by computer program control, control signals to initiate andstop acquisition of spectra. 25C. The apparatus of claim 25B furthercomprising: A. computer program controlled CPU timing for performingreference testing of light source lamp, spectrometer performing ofreference testing of light source lamps and of spectrometer receivingspectra input from detectors. 25D. The apparatus of claim 25C furthercomprising: A. reference testing including measurement of dark spectraand/or reference spectra and/or standard/calibration samples. 25E. Theapparatus of claim 25D further comprising: A. light source lamp lightcollection achieved using a collimating lens 78 and or other lighttransmission means including for example fiber-optics to transfer thelight that has interacted with the sample 30 to the spectrometer(s) 170detectors
 200. If no sample 30 is present, other reference measurementsare made to improve stability and accuracy such as previously mentioneddark spectra, reference spectra (lamp intensity and color output), andstandard/calibration samples, which may be optical filters or polymersor organic material with known and repeatable spectral characteristics.Measurements that are made when no sample is present include, but arenot limited to 1) measuring a reference spectrum (intensity vs.wavelength) of the light source(s), 2) measuring the dark current (nolight conditions) of one or more spectrometer(s) 170 detector(s) 200,including but not limited to the sample spectrometer(s) 170 and thereference spectrometer(s) 170, and 3) standard or calibration samples orfilters 130 or material.
 26. The method of claim 2 further comprising:A. measuring by reference measurement changes in light source lampintensity or color output, a reference spectrometer output and output ofspectrometer receiving sample spectra input from detectors; transmittinglight from light source lamps to the reference spectrometer withdetector using a reference light transmission means. 26A. The method ofclaim 26 further comprising: A. using fiber-optics as the referencelight transmission means. 26B. The method of claim 26 furthercomprising: A. using a light pipe as the reference light transmissionmeans. 26C. The method of claim 26 further comprising: A. positioningthe reference light transmission means, at the light source lamp, toallow only light from the light source lamp to enter the reference lighttransmission means. 26D. The method of claim 26C further comprising: A.placing at least one light shutter intermediate each light source lampand each reference light transmission means; opening and closing the atleast one light shutter by shutter control means. 26E. The method ofclaim 26 further comprising: A. measuring, by the referencespectrometer, each light source lamp separately; inputting the referencespectrometer output to the computer controlled CPU; storing in the CPUintensity vs. wavelength spectrum profile for each light source lamp;comparing the stored intensity vs. wavelength spectrum with thereference spectrometer output; determining from the comparison thecondition of the light source lamp. 26F. The method of claim 2 furthercomprising: A. using the detected spectrum as a reference spectrum, forpurposes of calculating an absorbance (or log 1/R) spectrum, which islinear with concentration (e.g., percent Brix or acidity or pounds offirmness, etc.). 26G. The method of claim 26D further comprising: A.closing all of the light shutters of the reference light transmissionmeans; allowing a dark current (no light condition) measurement of thespectrometer 170 detector(s) 200; measuring the dark current and itsintensity value at each wavelength (or detector) pixel; subtracting themeasured dark current from a reference spectrum obtained with theshutters 330 open. 26H. The method of claim 26 further comprising: A.measuring a reference spectrometer output and a sample spectrometeroutput dark current; shielding by shielding means, the input to thereference spectrometer and the input to the sample spectrometer;inputting the reference spectrometer output and the sample spectrometerto the computer controlled CPU; subtracting the output measured from thereference spectrometer; subtracting the output measured from the samplespectrometer.
 27. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising: A. atleast one light detector 80 having at least one output 82 to at leastone spectrometer 170 having at least one detector 200; at least onecolluminating lens 78 intermediate the at least one light detector 80and a sample 30; the at least one light detector 80 positioned to detectlight from the sample 30; at least one light source 120 lamp 123; alight shielding means intermediate the at least one light source 120lamp 123 and a sample 30; at least one aperture 310 in the lightshielding means to allow illumination of the sample 30 by the at leastone light source 120 lamp 123; at least one light interruption meansintermediate the at least one light source 120 lamp 123 and the at leastone aperture 310; the at least one light interruption means operable byat least one light interruption control means; the at least one lightinterruption control means receiving control signals from at least oneCPU 172 having at least one light interruption operating control output;at least one reference light transmitting means receiving referencelight output from the at least one light source 120 lamp 123; at leastone reference light interruption means intermediate the at least onelight source 120 lamp 123 and the at least one reference lighttransmitting means; the at least one reference light interruption meansoperable by at least one reference light interruption means controlmeans; the at least one reference light interruption means control means305 receiving control signals from at least one CPU 172 having at leastone reference light interruption operating control output 307; the atleast one reference light transmitting means 81 providing an input tothe at least one spectrometer 170 detector 200; the at least one CPU 172providing at least one lamp power output 125 to the at least one lightsource 120 lamp 123; the at least one spectrometer 170, receiving inputfrom at least one reference light transmitting means 81 having at leastone output 82 received as in input to the at least one CPU 172; thespectrometer output 82 capable of A/D conversion to form input to the atleast one CPU 172; the at least one spectrometer 170, receiving inputfrom at least one detector output 82 received as in input to the atleast one CPU 172; the spectrometer output 82 capable of A/D conversionto form input to the at least one CPU 172; mounting means to mount lightsources 120 lamps 123, detectors 80, light interruption means includingshutters 300, shutter control means 305, reference light transmittingmeans 81 and case 250; encoder/pulse generator 330 input to CPU 172providing sample conveyor 295 movement data; computer program to operateCPU 172 in data collection and control functions.
 28. The method of 26further comprising: A. measuring, as a reference measurement, the lightsource 120 lamp(s) 123 intensity vs. wavelength output using reflectingmeans 360; positioning reflecting means 360 to reflect light from lightsource lamps to a light detector having a light detector output which isreceived by a spectrometer detector. 28A. The method of 28 furthercomprising: A. positioning the reflecting means, by reflection positionmeans, to a position to reflect light from light source lamps to a lightdetector as dictated by reflecting control means 308, as an output froma CPU 172, controlling the refection position means; the CPU 172, viameans, detecting the presence or absence of a sample 30 and, when areference measurement is to be made, inserting the reflecting means asdictated by reflecting control means 308 controlling the reflectionposition means as an output from a computer program controlled CPU 172;withdrawing the reflecting means as dictated by reflecting control means308 controlling the reflection position means as an output from acomputer program controlled CPU
 172. 29. The apparatus of claim 8further comprising: A. reflecting means, positioned by reflectionposition means, to a position to reflect light from light source lampsto a light detector as dictated by reflecting control means 308, as anoutput from a CPU 172, controlling the refection position means; the CPU172, via means, detecting the presence or absence of a sample 30 and,when a reference measurement is to be made, inserting the reflectingmeans as dictated by reflecting control means 308 controlling thereflection position means as an output from a computer programcontrolled CPU 172; withdrawing the reflecting means as dictated byreflecting control means 308 controlling the reflection position meansas an output from a computer program controlled CPU
 172. 30. Theapparatus of claim 8 further comprising: A. a light reflecting ordiffusing body for obtaining the reference spectrum may also be obtainedby mechanical insertion of reference means 430, as seen in FIG. 12 andFIG. 13, in or near the location where actual sample 30 is normallymeasured, which is between the light source 120 lamp(s) 123 andreference light transmission means leading to the sample spectrometer170 detector 200(s); insertion is by insertion means including but notlimited to an actuator system 400 capable, upon receiving controlsignals or means as recognized by those of ordinary skill includingcontrol signals or means provided from a CPU 172, of operation of anactuator 410 causing a piston 420 to extend 421 and retract 422 as seenin FIGS. 12 and 13; power, including for example electrical, pneumatic,hydraulic and other means, is provided to operate the actuator by powertransmission means 440 as will be appreciated by those of ordinaryskill.
 31. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A. illuminating,with at least one light source lamp, the sample interior while thesample is rolling or revolving, where a rolling measurement generallyimproving whole product measurement.
 32. The method of claim 2 furthercomprising: A. illuminating, with at least one light source lamp, thesample interior while the sample is not rolling or revolving, where anon-rolling measurement provides better accuracy and introduces lessspectral noise due to movement.
 33. The method of claim 2 furthercomprising: A. obtaining, as a sample 30 passes by the point of spectrumacquisition, multiple spectra, where each spectrum representing adifferent measurement location or area on the product.
 34. The method ofclaim 2 further comprising: A. optimizing signal-to-noise and accuracywith small and large samples by 1) determining the size or weight of thesample by weight or mass sensors common to the industry; 2) utilizing acolor sorter or defect sorter to provide data, e.g., from camera or CCDimages; 3) utilizing other size sensors based on magnetic, inductive,light reflectance or multiple light beam curtains, common to otherindustries. 34A. The method of claim 34 further comprising: A.adjusting, in accordance with the relative size of the sample, thehardware spectrum acquisition parameters or the amount of light, e.g.,by varying an aperture 310 size, to provide an improved signal-to-noiseratio spectrum for large samples 30 and/or to prevent detector 80saturation by light for small product sample 30, e.g., detector 80exposure or integration time can be set for longer time periods forlarge product samples 30 and for shorter time periods for small product.35. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A. improving accuracy byinspection of multiple individual spectra collected from a singlesample; removing poor quality or “outlier” spectra; calculating theabsorbance spectrum from the raw data collected for dark, reference andsample; inspecting each individual spectrum from the series or batch ofspectra acquired for each individual product sample by a computerprogram controlled CPU or by programmed hardware; deleting poor qualityspectra from this batch of spectra, using the remaining spectra forconstituent or property prediction; combining the retained spectra ofthe product sample with the appropriate reference and dark currentmeasurements to produce an absorbance spectrum as follows: absorbancespectrum−log 10[(sample intensity spectrum−sample dark currentspectrum)/(reference intensity spectrum−reference dark currentspectrum)] i.e. the absorbance spectrum is equal to the negativelogarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the dark current corrected samplespectrum to the dark current corrected reference spectrum.
 36. Themethod of claim 35 further comprising: A. combining all of theabsorbance spectra for each product sample to produce a mean or averageabsorbance spectrum of the product sample; using this average absorbancespectra to compute the sample component, characteristic or property ofinterest based on a previously stored calibration algorithm.
 37. Themethod of claim 35 further comprising: A. using each absorbance spectrumindividually with the previously stored calibration algorithm to computemultiple results of the sample component, characteristic or property ofinterest for an individual product sample; determining the average ormean component, characteristic or property of interest by summing all ofthe values and dividing the resultant sum by the number of absorbancespectra used.
 38. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A. measuringsamples and linking location on product sample where visible/NIR datawas collected with the same location that will be measured by thelaboratory reference technique; calibrating performed as follows: 1)measuring spectra of product sample 30 and measuring absorbance spectra;correcting for reference and dark current and storing measurements; 2)undertaking standard laboratory measurements on the product sample 30;observing that it is Important to the success of the NIR method that theportion of the sample 30 that is interrogated between the lightsource(s) 120 lamps 123 and light collection(s) detectors, e.g., lightdetectors 80, leading to the spectrometer(s) 170 detectors 200 is thesame as that portion measured by the standard laboratory technique. 38A.The method of claim 38 further comprising: A. transporting samples, by asample conveyors 295, to the NIR measurement location including to alight detector; selecting rolling or not rolling sample conveyor 295means; where rolling analyzing the entire sample for the component,characteristic or property of interest; averaging, if calibrationalgorithms are constructed in this way (using measurements of rollingproduct), all of the retained spectra for that individual product toproduce an average absorbance spectrum and the total product componentor property is assigned to this one absorbance spectrum. 38B. The methodof claim 38 further comprising: A. transporting samples, by a sampleconveyor 295, to the NIR measurement location including to a lightdetector; selection not rolling sample conveyor 295 means; performinglaboratory measurements on the same portion of product sample 30 thatspectra were taken from; determining whether to separate a sample intosmaller sub-portions prior to laboratory analysis; adjusting the timeperiod of NIR data acquisition to shorter or longer times, correspondingto the measurement of smaller or larger product samples 30,respectively; associating, with each sub-portion of the product sample30, one or more spectra associated with that particular location;assigning the laboratory determined component, characteristic orproperty of interest to each spectrum or spectra from that particularlocation.
 39. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A. preformingmathematical processing on absorbance spectra prior to conductingstatistical correlation analysis and calibration model building;pre-processing absorbance spectra using a bin and smooth function;relating by Partial least squares analysis (or variants thereof such aspiecewise direct standardization) the processed absorbance spectrum tothe assigned component and property values such as Brix, acidity, pH,firmness, color, internal or external disorder severity and type, andeating quality.
 40. The method of claim 2 further comprising: A.minimizing the number of samples needed to develop a calibration model;collecting spectra on all test samples; performing, prior to destructivelaboratory measurements, principal components analysis (PCA) on theabsorbance spectra; generating Resultant Score plots from PCA (e.g.,Score 1 vs. Score 2, Score 3 vs. Score 4, etc.); selecting a subset ofthe original samples (e.g., 40% of the original number of samples) fromthe Score plots in either a random fashion or by selecting samples that,as a group, yield a similar range, mean and standard deviation of scorevalues compared to the entire group of original samples
 30. 41. Themethod of claim 40 further comprising: A. periodically requiringcalibration updates to maintain measurement accuracy; minimizing theefforts of calibration updates; analyzing, as fruit or vegetable samplesare in a packing and sorting warehouse, the visible/near infraredspectra; examining by computer program controlled CPU, and determiningif the sample qualifies as a potential calibration update sample;selecting calibration update samples 30 which cover low to highcomponent values and which have Score values that cover the same rangeas the original sample's 30 Score values.